<p>The Kalvarienberg is a 523 m calvary hill in the nature reserve of Lampertstal near Alendorf, a village in the municipality of Blankenheim in the county of Euskirchen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Count Salentin Ernest of Manderscheid-Blankenheim (born 1630) realised the idea of an ancestor, who wanted the Alendorf countryside and the (originally so-called) hill of Kelberg to recall the original hill of Calvary in Jerusalem. Between 1663 and 1680 Salentin initially had seven stations of the cross - based on ancient tradition - and a chapel built on the hill. In the 19th century seven more stations were added. The chapel that stood on the site of the present-day cross no longer exists.</p><br>
<p>The stations, some of which had been badly weathered, were restored with the aid of NRW Foundation for Conservation, Local History and Culture.</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>From the summit of the Kalvarienberg there is an extensive view over the Eifel region. For example, the Hohe Acht and the Nürburg, 23 kilometres away, may be seen. In addition, the surrounding villages, like Ripsdorf, can also be made out. The Alendorf Kalvarienberg is one of the so-called Eifel sights that can be seen from the North Eifel Nature Park.</p><br>
<p>20130810 Alendorf.JPGView of the Kalvarienberg at Alendorf and junipers</p><br>
<p>Kalvarienberg Alendorf.JPGView from the Eifelsteig path of the Kalvarienberg</p><br>
<p>Fritz von Wille 0145.jpgChurch in Alendorf. Behind: the Kalvarienberg (painting by Fritz von Wille)</p><br>
<h2>Pilgrimages</h2><br>
<p>In Easter Week processions take place from the Gothic church of St. Agatha (1494) to the Alendorf Kalvarienberg. The ascent from the village is a good kilometre long. On the way, the pilgrims pass the stations of the cross that portray the suffering of Jesus Christ when he was crucified. Around the summit are more crosses, made of red sandstone. There is a total of fourteen stations.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The hill is covered by calcareous grassland, which is kept clear by grazing sheep. At intervals of several metres from one another are juniper bushes, which dominate the appearance of the Alendorf Kalvarienberg from some distance away.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Clark Conger House  is a historic house museum located at 903 East Washington Street in Washington, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The original section of the house was built by teacher and author of the first Washington County history Nathan Littler. Businessman Jonathan Clark Conger bought the house and added major additions in 1867 that were built by John Patterson Huskins. Conger was also responsible for adding a small den in 1906. The two-story brick house was covered with concrete sometime in the early 20th century. The cement and concrete block porch replaced the 1870s era wooden porch. The house has subsequently been converted into a house museum operated by the Washington County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Elsworth Snowden House was a historic house located at 504 West 3rd Street in Vermont, Illinois. The house was built in 1908 for farmers Elsworth and Susan Snowden. Contractor Fred Rankin built the house, which has a vernacular Cross Plan. The Cross Plan is typified by a cross-shaped floor plan with a complex roof form; this was exhibited in the house&#39;s cross-gabled main roof with a hipped roof over the front entrance and a shed roof over the porch. The house also features decorative elements such as its egg-and-dart molding and glass panels above the entrance and Queen Anne-inspired fish scale shingles.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996. It is no longer standing at its listed address.</p><br>
<p>The Searsport Historic District encompasses a collection of well-preserved mid-to-late 19th-century commercial buildings in the center of Searsport, Maine. They represent the community&#39;s peak period of prosperity, when it was a leading shipping and shipbuilding center. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Searsport was settled in the 1750s, and was incorporated as a separate town out of adjacent towns in 1845. From the 1790s its main village was a regional shipping and shipbuilding center. At its peak in the mid-19th century it had six full-time shipyards and numerous seasonal ones, and had achieved a reputation for providing captains for many seafaring vessels. The success of these businesses and men led to the development of a significant portion of the town center&#39;s commercial buildings.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along a short portion of Searsport&#39;s Main Street, designated United States Route 1. On the south side it extends from Mosman Street to Elm, and on the north from Mt. Ephraim Road to Knox Bros. Avenue. This area has thirteen historically significant buildings, most of them of brick construction, and built between 1840 and 1891. The only non-commercial building is the 1840 Greek Revival Methodist Church. The most common architectural styles are the Greek Revival and the Italianate style. Probably the most elaborate building is the 1891 Merrill Trust Company building, a mansard-roofed Italianate structure with a tower at the center of its front.</p><br>
<p>The Rockingham Village Historic District encompasses the traditional village center of the town of Rockingham, Vermont. Settled in the 18th century, the district, located mainly on Meeting House Road off Vermont Route 103, includes a variety of 18th and 19th-century huses, and has been little altered since a fire in 1908. It notably includes the 18th-century National Historic Landmark Rockingham Meeting House. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Rockingham was chartered in 1753, but settlement did not begin until the 1760s. Its village center was laid out on a terrace overlooking the Williams River to the north, which is where its first meeting house, cemetery, and post office were established. The village soon became a major stop on the road that followed the river (now Vermont Route 103), and featured shops, taverns, a grist mill, and blacksmith shops. The village was eclipsed by Bellows Falls in economic importance by the 1820s, and development was modest afterward. In 1908 a cluster of shops and homes was destroyed in a fire, with only a few buildings (notably including the Grange hall) replacing them. The village was bypassed in the 1950s by a new alignment of Route 103.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Meeting House Road, which is the former alignment of Route 103, from its southern junction with 103 to the dead-end spur on the west side of Divoli Brook. It includes a few buildings on Rockingham Hill Road, which extends south toward the village of Saxtons River. The district includes 13 properties of historic significance, including the towns first cemetery, the 1787 meeting house (a National Historic Landmark), and one of Vermonts best concentrations of late Georgian residential architecture. The oldest surviving houses date to the 1770s, and most of the building stock was built before 1850. The notable exceptions are the Grange hall and two houses, built near the road junction in the wake of the 1908 fire.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Dilworth House is a historic house located at 606 East Fifth Street in Vermont, Illinois. The house was built in 1872 for Robert Dilworth, a local banker, politician, and pharmacist. The house was designed in the Italianate style, a nationally popular architectural style at the time. The main entrance is situated behind a full-length front porch supported by beveled columns; the front door itself has a decorative wooden surround and is topped by a transom. The house&#39;s windows are tall, narrow, and topped by arches, as is common in Italianate architecture. The gable roof has a front-facing gable adorned by decorative brackets along its eaves.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 12, 1993.</p><br>
<p>St Aubins is a heritage-listed detached house at 75 Canoona Road, West Rockhampton, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Aubins is believed to have been designed and erected by John (Johann) Rodekirchen. The house site adjoins what remains of the clay pit and brick-making complex which Roderkirchen operated at Lion Creek, West Rockhampton, on land owned by local merchant and politician Albrecht Feez MLA.</p><br>
<p>Born in Cologne in 1846, Johann Rodekirchen migrated from Hamburg to Rockhampton with his wife Eleanore and two children aboard the Fritz Reuter in October 1877. The Rodekirchen family was part of the boom in immigration that occurred in Queensland as a consequence of government attempts to boost development through population. For a time in the early 1880s the rate of increase in Queensland&#39;s population exceeded that of all other colonies and efforts to attract immigrants from Germany were particularly successful. Merchant Albrecht Feez was the representative of the German community in Rockhampton at the time.</p><br>
<p>Shipping records describe John (Johann) Rodekirchen as a worker or arbeiter, aged thirty years. Little is known of his early years, but Rodekirchen may have been one of the six brick-making works which a Capricornian correspondent reported were operating in the Lion Creek area by late 1885.</p><br>
<p>Such was the wealth in Rockhampton during the decade of the 1880s that the demand for bricks was considerable. Founded in October 1858, the city steadily had increased in importance as a trading centre for Central Queensland. After 1882, when gold was discovered at nearby Mount Morgan, many substantial buildings which displayed the local area&#39;s increasing wealth and importance were constructed in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>One of those who profited by owning shares in what was then reportedly the richest single gold mine in the world was Albrecht Feez. A well-known merchant and politician, Feez was born in Bavaria in 1826. Before following his brother Adolphe to Australia in 1852, Albrecht Feez had served as an artilleryman in the Schleswig-Holstein war. The newly arrived Feez worked as a gold-miner, timber-getter, jackaroo and wool-broker before establishing a store in Quay Street, Rockhampton, in 1859. During the following decade his business outgrew this site, after which Albrecht Feez moved to East Street. There he sold wines, spirits, tea, sugar, hardware and what he described in advertisements as "special lines for squatters". During the 1870s and 1880s Feez was closely involved with the community of Rockhampton, as a key figure in the German community, Mayor of Rockhampton in 1879 and representative for Leichhardt in the Queensland Legislative Assembly between 1880 and 1883.</p><br>
<p>Albrecht Feez&#39;s ownership of the land on which John Rodekirchen operated his brickworks passed to his sons Adolph and Arthur Feez in 1887. Title to the land was not obtained by John Rodekirchen until 1923.</p><br>
<p>From the mid to late 1880s, Rodekirchen&#39;s Lion Creek kilns supplied bricks not only for his own house, to be named St Aubins by a subsequent owner, but also for a number of the imposing commercial and institutional premises constructed in the city. The list is believed to include Kenmore House (the residence constructed in 1894 by John Ferguson) and Block A of the Rockhampton Technical College (constructed in 1914).</p><br>
<p>The bricks used in St Aubins are handmade. This labour-intensive process used in the late 1880s kept the price of bricks at £5 to £6 per thousand. By 1895, however, Rodekirchen had mechanised his brick-making. In April of that year he advertised large stocks of machine-made bricks at "bottom price". Following mechanisation the price of bricks in Rockhampton dropped to £1 12s 6d per thousand.</p><br>
<p>Exactly what type of machine assistance Rodekirchen used in unknown, although it was sophisticated enough to produce a constant supply of uniform bricks with the frog (manufacturers mark) "Rodekirchen Rockhampton". Firing occurred in the kilns on site. In a February 1988 Morning Bulletin article, Rodekirchens granddaughter Ethel Lloyd recalled that the "bricks would be put into the kiln and the front of it would be plastered with clay. All the men in the district would help with the burning which went on all through the night." Afterwards the kiln was allowed a few days to cool down.</p><br>
<p>The Rodekirchen family is believed to have lived at first in the small weatherboard cottage still on the property. The solid brick house they built to replace it featured two external staircases, one to the south that faced the pit and kilns and the other, which was the main staircase for the house, facing west. Ethel Lloyd&#39;s reminiscences suggest that, as originally constructed, the rendered brick stairs on the southern facade finished at a landing approximately one metre below the level of the verandah. Subsequent owners have speculated that at some time the stairs may have separated at this point and joined the verandah on each side. An undated, early photograph featured in the 1988 Morning Bulletin article showed an opening in the balustrading that is filled by a long piece of similarly styled gate. It also suggests that ornately carved timber brackets were fitted to the verandah posts at least until the 1930s. The balustrading appears very similar to that which is currently in place.</p><br>
<p>A second early photograph featured in the 1988 Morning Bulletin article also shows that a front gate and fence were constructed on the property&#39;s western boundary. Two date palms, which are still in place as at 2003, are visible in this photograph. The photograph further suggests that there was established planting on the property at this time.</p><br>
<p>Rodekirchens house and brickworks were inundated by Rockhamptons highest flood on record during the months of January and February 1918. The damage was repaired and Rodekirchen continued making bricks until 1926 when, aged eighty, he transferred the business to his son, also named John. In July 1931 the elder Rodekirchen died.</p><br>
<p>Although the brickworks remained with the family at this time, the Rodekirchen house was sold in June 1934. A succession of owners followed. In 1952 Henry and Elise Brett purchased the property. It is believed they named the house St Aubins in remembrance of ancestors who had left France at the time of the French Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The Bleine family who purchased St Aubins in January 1970 restored it as a family home as the centerpiece of a tourist business and nursery specialising in herbs. The property, and that adjoining it on Canoona Street where the clay pit is located, currently operates as a "historical village" where customers can view a number of timber buildings relocated from central Rockhampton alongside relics found on the site, or purchase and consume light refreshments.</p><br>
<p>In November 2015, St Aubins and associated historical village was for sale for $1.1M.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Aubins is sited on two large allotments, the total area of which is almost 8100m. They are located at the corner of Canoona and Kalare Streets on the western fringe of Rockhampton opposite the airport and near Lion Creek. It is an idiosyncratically designed two-storeyed, brick house with approximately three metre wide upper level verandahs on three sides-facing the east, west and south. The main roof is a short-ridged hip, while the skillion roofs to the verandahs are separate and hipped at their corners. The verandahs can be accessed on the southern and western facades via two single flights of stairs. The main entry stairs are constructed of rendered brick and their total width is approximately 2.5m. They are covered by a small gabled roof, which connects to the verandah roof of the western facade and is supported by two large circular columns. These columns rest on square plinths that form part of the low, rendered balustrades on each side of the stairs. The gable end is in-filled with a carved timber fretwork panel. Its bargeboard is also carved. The ceiling of the porch roof is lined with painted timber boards. The girth of the columns appears over scaled in comparison to the width of the porch roof. The second flight of stairs is of a similar width to the main one, with low rendered balustrades on each side, and exposed brick risers and treads. It is not roofed. All roofs are clad in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The timber-framed verandahs are supported by rendered circular columns, the widths of which match those to the main stairs. However, at each corner the columns are square. All sit on a rectangular rendered plinth. The verandah roofs are supported on tapering stop chamfered timber posts that are positioned above the large columns. These supports are spaced at intervals of approximately 3m. Ornately carved timber brackets, different to those shown in the 1988 Morning Bulletin photograph, are fixed to the unpainted verandah beams and either side of the painted timber verandah posts. The timber balustrading consists of dowel pieces fitted between a top and bottom rail. The framing to the underside of the upper storey verandahs and their roofs is exposed. The verandah floors are lined with unpainted shot-edge timber boards.</p><br>
<p>The external walls to the ground storey are rendered. The French doors and windows on each of these facades have basket arch-shaped heads. A simply moulded impost marks the springing point of these arches. The ground floor walls are approximately 40 centimetres thick. On the north facade a triangular, rendered support has been put in place. An early in-ground, brick-lined water tank is situated under the edge of the verandah on the southern facade.</p><br>
<p>On the upper storey, the brickwork of the thick external walls is exposed. The main entry door, leading off the covered stairway, has narrow sidelights and a rectangular highlight. The three windows on the unsheltered northern facade have gently arched heads and curved hoods with ornately carved timber brackets supporting them. They also have rendered sills. The windows on the other three facades have matching heads and sills. All are double-hung sashes with single lights in each sash.</p><br>
<h3>Interiors</h3><br>
<p>The ground storey is divided by a central hallway that links the western and eastern sides of the house. The ceilings to this level have exposed timber joists behind which are fitted tongue-and-groove timber boards. If this is an original feature, it suggests that the lower level was intended for service or storage purposes only. All walls appear to be plastered. The internal ones are of a similar thickness to those on the exterior. On the southern side of the hall is a large rectangular room, used currently as a lounge. The exposed joists to its ceiling are supported by a bearer resting on a number of large timber posts. On the northern side are two rooms, one a kitchen and the other a study. The openings out of these rooms into the central hall have basket-shaped arches. A timber stair connects the lounge to the level above. The severed ends of a number of joists are visible in at least one stairwell wall. The doors opening onto either end of the central hallway have square highlights above them, and narrow sidelights. A small bathroom addition has been built against the eastern verandah facade.</p><br>
<p>The overall layout of the upper storey is very similar to that described above. A central hall opens off the main entry door on the western facade of the house. To the north of this hall are located three equal sized rooms. In the south-west corner is a study, where the stairs from the lower level arrive. A large space is made on the south-eastern corner where the hall opens out. The current owners have installed a bathroom at the end of the hall, on the east-facing verandah. The ceiling to the study is lined with tongue-and-groove timber boards. There are also painted timber cornices fitted.</p><br>
<p>The manner in which the internal spaces of both levels are arranged, in particular the stairs opening into an upper-storey room rather than a vestibule or hallway, and the relationship between these and the verandah stairs, suggests that extensive alterations have been made to the original layout of the house. It is difficult to ascertain from this evidence how the early house functioned.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The corner allotment on which the house sits is accessed from Canoona Street. Each side of the entranceway is framed by two posts connected to one another by a low brick wall capped with painted render. The innermost posts are rendered, elongated cylinders, while the outermost are square and capped as are the low walls. These items can be seen in the photograph from the 1988 Morning Bulletin article. The entrance is additionally framed by two tall date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) located inside the boundary fence line. These are also visible in the early photograph featured in the above article.</p><br>
<p>A small timber house is located to the east of St Aubins, and a plaque states that it was used before the main residence was constructed and then later as servants quarters. It has a main gable roof, the ridge of which runs east to west, and a separate skillion roof over the verandah. The roofs are clad in corrugated iron, with two dormer windows in the southern face of the gable. The building is clad in weatherboards and the on-ground verandah faces south. A second early, in-ground, brick-lined water tank is situated adjacent to this buildings verandah on the south.</p><br>
<p>Within the grounds of the St Aubins property, a number of timber structures have been relocated from elsewhere during the tenure of the current owners. These buildings do not comprise part of the historical significance of the property. They are largely clad in weatherboards with corrugated iron roofs. Also, the current owners have constructed a small brick building with a hipped roof clad in corrugated Colorbond steel. A driveway leads from the Canoona Street entry and between the southern face of the house and the adjacent collection of "village" buildings. A timber picket fence separates the two areas. In the south-west corner of the property sits the most notable of the relocated structures. It is reputed to be the original Steam Tram Ticket Office originally situated near the Fitzroy River Bridge and Purrey Cottage (Purrey being the name of the French manufacturer of Rockhampton&#39;s Steam Tram fleet). The house has a gable roof that extends over a verandah facing Canoona Street to the west. There is a skillion-roofed addition to the eastern facade. All roofs appear to be clad in corrugated iron. On its northern, southern and eastern facades the building appears to be clad in weatherboards. However, on the facade to the verandah the framing is exposed with vertical timber boards behind. The building sits on low timber stumps. The roof edge to the verandah is supported on plain timber posts, between which are cross-braces fitted between a timber top and bottom rail.</p><br>
<p>The site is heavily treed, except for a wide expanse of lawn to the west of the house. Two established Jacaranda trees sit between the north-west corners of the house and the allotment. A large native pine tree sits between the northern face of the house and the Kalare Street boundary. The second of the early photographs featured in the 1988 Morning Bulletin article suggests that part of the property was densely covered with trees as it is in 2003, but it is not possible to ascertain which remain from this earlier planting scheme, other than the date palms at the entry gate. The remains of a large clay pit are located on the two southerly adjacent allotments. These are not included in the heritage listing for St Aubins.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Aubins was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The residence St Aubins is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history because of its links, at a time of significant growth, with Rockhamptons built fabric.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>With the solid manner of its design and construction, attributed to German immigrant John Rodekirchen, St Aubins has the potential to yield further information on the adaptation of European living styles to a Queensland setting.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>In particular, St Aubins has a special association of over thirty-five years with the working life of John Rodekirchen. As a maker of bricks, Rodekirchen is representative of the skilled workers involved in the construction of Rockhampton&#39;s built heritage.</p><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at 278 Ford Street, Berserker, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1912. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Mission Church, a small Gothic-style timber building, was constructed in mid-1912 in Ford Street, North Rockhampton, in the heart of the district known as "Kanaka Town". It was the second place of worship to be built on the site, replacing a small mission room erected there in 1896.</p><br>
<p>South Sea Islanders (known as Kanakas) had been arriving in Rockhampton from the 1860s, indentured to work on the district&#39;s sugar cane plantations and inland pastoral properties. The first group were 189 men from Tanna, 30 of whom went to Peak Downs and 40 to the Barcoo.</p><br>
<p>Efforts were made by the Church of England to reach the South Sea Islander people in the Rockhampton district in the 1880s, coinciding with the formation of a new parish of North Rockhampton, and the movement leading to the establishment of the Church of England Diocese of Rockhampton in 1892. By 1889 there were 200 Islanders in Rev. Francis Drinkall Pritt&#39;s parish of North Rockhampton, 78 of whom where employed by the Yeppoon Sugar Company. Support of the South Sea Islander community by the Diocese extended to aiding Islander people to purchase land in the Creek and Ford Street area by registering property in the name of the Church or parish priest.</p><br>
<p>The site of St Johns Mission Church was purchased in 1891 by Edward Costello. His association with South Sea Islanders has not been established, but in 1896 the South Sea Islander community of North Rockhampton erected St Johns Mission Room on this land, with their own materials and labour. It was dedicated on 5 May 1896. The first baptisms of five men and four women from the South Sea Islander community took place at St Johns Mission Room on 19 June 1896 and the first marriage there was celebrated on 15 December 1896. The South Sea Islander community used the small mission room for their weekday meetings and Sunday School, while worshipping at St Barnabas Church, located about a kilometre away. The South Sea Islander community of North Rockhampton had been closely involved in the levelling and clearing of the St Barnabas site in 1896. On 24 January 1899, the day of the dedication of St Barnabas Church, a special service for South Sea Islanders was held, in which the greater part of the service was conducted in the Motu (Mota) language.</p><br>
<p>With their dedication to the Christian faith evident in their everyday life, the South Sea Islander community in Rockhampton was supported by the clergy, parish and synod in their fight against the Australian Governments Pacific Island Labourers Act of 1901, which would force South Sea Islander people to return to their islands. The Synod of 1904 petitioned the Commonwealth Government on the Islanders behalf to prevent their forced removal back to islands. This was especially pertinent for the Australian-born children of Islander families, and those who had lived as Australians for many years within the community.</p><br>
<p>By 1910 the mission room constructed near the present site of St Johns Church had suffered major white ant damage, and plans were made to replace this building with a church of sturdier construction. On 19 January 1910 the site was acquired by the Anglican Diocese of Rockhampton for £10, and fund-raising for construction of a church commenced. By May 1912 the South Sea Islander community, working without parish assistance, had raised £60 for the construction of St Johns Mission Church, the cost of which was estimated at £80.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone was laid by Bishop of Rockhampton, George Halford, on 25 May 1912. About 30 South Sea Islanders were present and that the Bishop, clergy and people present proceeded round the site of the church, making their offerings at the foundation stone as they passed it while singing "Onward, Christian Soldiers". The church was completed and fenced by the end of October 1912 and the remaining £20 debt was cleared by the mission congregation in March 1913.</p><br>
<p>Two weekly services were held at the church, one on Sunday afternoons led by Frank Solomon, and another every Tuesday evening led by the Vicar. Born in the Solomon Islands, Mr Solomon was a lay reader and regularly led the congregation in evensong and services. After a lifetime of dedication to the church Frank Solomon, the Vicars representative on the first St Johns Mission Church Committee in 1912, died on 5 October 1945.</p><br>
<p>In the 1910s the South Sea Islander community of North Rockhampton expanded as families became more settled. By June 1913 a Sunday School had been established at St John&#39;s, and in 1916 the church building was enlarged with the addition of a sanctuary to the eastern end. By a silver wattle had been planted to the south of the building.</p><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Mission Church had an association for many years with the people of Menapi, Papua, who have on a number of occasions dedicated gifts to the North Rockhampton church. One of the most impressive is a clam-shell font on a carved pedestal.</p><br>
<p>St Johns Church celebrated its 50th anniversary on Sunday 28 October 1962. Improvements made to the church for its anniversary included cladding the exterior with fibrous-cement sheeting and painting, which was carried out by a team of voluntary workers. Two weeks later Mrs Pasawi and Mrs Crutwell from Menapi dedicated two pictures to St Johns, one of the Last Supper and the other of Bishop George Ambo. It is possible that the pine trees either side of the front entrance to the church were planted around the time the front entry porch was enclosed.</p><br>
<p>Weekly services and Sunday School at St Johns were an integral part of the South Sea Islander community at North Rockhampton and continued with few interruptions until recent times, when growth and expansion of South Sea Islander families has widely distributed community members throughout North Rockhampton and surrounding district. A small congregation still attends Sunday services at St Johns. Although Sunday School no longer functions at the church, special services such as funerals or christenings and events on the Christian calendar, draw large attendances. St John&#39;s Church remains a significant part of the streetscape of Ford Street, and represents the physical, spiritual and material growth and development of the South Sea Islander community within Rockhampton.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Anglican Church is situated in Ford Street, North Rockhampton, in the heart of "Kanaka Town". It is a small, timber-framed building, rectangular in form, with a main gable-roofed core, a hipped-roof sanctuary at the eastern end, and a small, skillion-roofed entry porch at the western end. The small, box-like church with its steeply pitched gabled roof of corrugated iron, pointed arch windows, original single-skin boarding and exposed stud walls expresses elements of Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>Most of the exterior of the building is clad with fibrous-cement sheeting, laid over the original chamferboard single-skin exposed-stud construction. The whole rests on timber stumps which vary in height from 0.75m at the western end, to 0.85m at the eastern end. All stumps have been either replaced or repaired.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary at the eastern end of the building is windowless and is clad with weatherboards. The originally open-sided front entry porch at the western end of the building has side walls of fibrous-cement sheeting, each with a small rectangular window, and is accessed via central timber stairs. There is a skillion awning across the front of the church and the porch. The eastern internal wall of the porch is the original exposed-frame external wall of the main building, with the original timber double-entry doors which give access to the main hall.</p><br>
<p>There are two pointed arched windows in each side wall of the main hall, but the arched tops are now covered by fibrous-cement sheeting externally and are only evident from inside the church. Beneath each arch are two hopper windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior walls of the main hall and of the sanctuary are lined with single-skin chamferboards, now painted. The chamferboards in the main hall, which is of earliest construction, are wider than those in the sanctuary. The ceilings of both spaces have been lined with later fibrous-cement sheeting, which gives the appearance of continuity between the two sections. Flooring throughout is timber boards, but the floor of the sanctuary is raised.</p><br>
<p>In the main hall two rows of timber pews are arranged either side of a central aisle. Attached to the walls of this space are plaques and donated religious pictures. Suspended from the ceiling frame that lies between the sanctuary and main hall is a large timber crucifix. A framed print of Jesus and his disciples is positioned centrally along the wall above a gold coloured curtain. The main altar is positioned centrally in front of the curtain on the podium. At the eastern end of the main hall, between the pews and the sanctuary, church furniture includes a, timber prayer desk, timber chair, small podium, and a simply carved clam-shell font. The relief carvings adorning the pedestal of the font feature religious iconography relating to the life and crucifixion of Jesus. The dedication plaque on the base of the font, below the Crucifix relief reads:To the Glory of God for use at St John&#39;s Mission Church, Ford Street North Rockhampton. This Shell was given by the people of St Bartholomew Menapi-Papua and Parish priests Father Norman Cruttwell and Father Amos Paisawa to the Mission Congregation of St Johns.The font, pictures and prayer desk remain an integral part of the church, the font being functional, used for baptisms and special services, as well as being a distinctive piece of furniture.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of St John&#39;s Anglican Church comprise well kept lawns, with trees and shrubs surrounding the church and garden beds along the eastern and northern boundaries. Several trees - a poinciana, two pine trees framing the entrance to the church, and a large silver wattle - and shrubs delineate the church from the grass footpath that extends to Ford Street. The pine trees in particular add to the symmetry of the church and grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St John&#39;s Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Johns Anglican Church is important in demonstrating the evolution of Central Queenslands South Sea Islander community and a pattern of multicultural integration within Rockhampton and surrounding districts. The site of St Johns Church has served the South Sea Islander community of Rockhampton since the St Johns Mission Room, which stood near the present Church, was dedicated on 5 May 5, 1896. St John&#39;s Mission Church, erected in 1912 by the South Sea Islander community with no financial assistance from the Diocese of Rockhampton, represents a South Sea Islander custom of whole of community involvement in a matter deemed to be important and essential to the spiritual growth and moral well being of the community.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Johns Anglican Church is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a European religious building type adapted within South Sea Islander culture. With its pitched gable roof, crucifix finials, pointed arch motif windows (visible internally), porch and sanctuary, St Johns Church illustrates the principal characteristics of a modest, Gothic-influenced, timber ecclesiastical building. The interior fabric of the Church retains high social significance for the South Sea Islander community, with many items, including a clam-shell font on a carved pedestal, providing a tangible link with the people associated with the Parish, and to their missionary benefactors in Menapi, Papua.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Johns Church remains a significant part of the streetscape of Ford Street, and as a remnant of North Rockhamptons "Kanaka Town", represents the physical, spiritual and material growth and development of the South Sea Islander community within Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>Of special association with St John&#39;s and its streetscape value are the trees along the front boundary to the property: two distinctive pine trees planted on either side of the front entrance to the church; a poinciana tree; and a large silver wattle which is thought to be a remnant of the original plantings on the site, evident in a c 1916 photograph.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Johns Anglican Church and prior mission room has a strong and special association for the South Sea Islander community for social, cultural and spiritual reasons. Socially, St Johns has been the focus of community gatherings and events relating to events on the Christian calendar, prayer services, Sunday school, weddings, funerals, baptisms and social Church meetings. The place represents a link to the early Islanders who established a strong community both in the immediate neighbourhood and nearby regions that shared a spiritual link with the Church.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Johns has a special association with the clergy, parish and Synod who supported the South Sea Islander communitys opposition to the Commonwealth Acts of 1901 that sought to return South Sea Islander people to their islands of origin against their will. St Johns Church has special association with the activity of individuals within the South Sea Islander community and Anglican Church whose activities have been significant within the history of the region and state of Queensland, including Bishop George Halford, consecrated as Anglican Bishop of Rockhampton in 1909, who was greatly respected for his long and active support of the South Sea Islander community; and Frank Solomon, the South Sea Islander communitys Vicars representative on the first St Johns Mission Church Committee, who dedicated his life to this church.</p><br>
<p>John M Headrick & Co Building is a heritage-listed former warehouse at 187 East Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Alfred Mowbray Hutton and built from 1894 to 1895 by Holmes & Henrickson. It is also known as Burns Philp & Co - Vigor, John Headricks Building, Pinnochio&#39;s Nite Club, and East Street Entertainment Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first two-storeyed brick-and-render section of the John M Headrick & Co Building was constructed in 1894-95 to house the offices and stores of that mercantile company. It was designed by the architect Alfred Mowbray Hutton. Carrying through the classical motifs employed in the earlier design while almost trebling its frontage on East Street, the architect Edwin Morton Hockings renovated and greatly extended the building in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton was established beside the Fitzroy River on land that was originally part of Gracemere, a pastoral property taken up by the Archer family in the 1850s. Following a gold discovery at Canoona station and a survey by Arthur F Wood, the town of Rockhampton was proclaimed on 25 October 1858. Wood had worked with the surveyor Robert Hoddle in laying out Melbourne, and the author of the town plan, Francis Clarke, was Victorias surveyor general at the time. The involvement of these people may explain a certain similarity between each citys plans, as well as, in terms of Queensland, the uncommon generosity of scale with which Rockhampton was laid out. The Rockhampton Municipal Council was formed on 15 December 1860.</p><br>
<p>The patriarch of the Headrick family, John Mackay Headrick Snr, emigrated to Geelong in the colony of Victoria from the Scottish Lowlands in 1852 at age 32. He arrived in Rockhampton ten years later, and after two years he and a friend from Geelong, EP Livermore, established a business (Headrick, Livermore & Co) on East Street just off Archer Street in the northern corner of the burgeoning town centre. Over the 20 year course of their partnership, the business was simply known as Headrick & Co and operated from various locations in East Street.</p><br>
<p>Around 1880, Headrick, Livermore & Co was sold to Messrs Aplin, Brown & Co, and JM Headrick Snr dropped out of Rockhampton commercial life. This company, along with the business of Capt RM Hunter, was bought by a southern firm and became Sloan & Co. The mercantile branch of this business was then sold to Mr EK Ogg during the time that John Mackay Headrick Jnr was working for it. In July 1884 JM Headrick Jnr and Andrew Newton bought the mercantile business from Ogg and started JM Headrick & Co in premises on East Street located between William and Derby Streets. Toward the end of the same year, Headrick Snr died at his residence on the Athelstane Range.</p><br>
<p>JM Headrick Jnr ran the business alone until taking on his younger brother, Arthur Edward Hutchison Headrick, as partner in 1893. Sometime prior to this Newton had retired. The 1890s was a period characterised by droughts and floods, which resulted in economic depression and hardship for the colony. Despite these conditions, JM Headrick & Co purchased Kent Brewery on the corner of Bolsover and Albert Streets in 1894, retaining it until 1905. In the same year, due to a growth in its trade business, the company built the warehouse on East Street that is the subject of this entry. It was the first architectural commission in Rockhampton undertaken by the architect Alfred Mowbray Hutton. The contractors were Messrs Holmes and Henrikson. The three subdivisions of land upon which this building was constructed had been part of an allotment originally purchased in 1860 by Sarah Maria Pitts. The relevant subdivisions had been purchased by JM Headrick Snr in 1883 and their title was transferred to his wife after his death the following year. It was not until 1926 that title was transferred to JM Headrick & Co.</p><br>
<p>AM Hutton had been born in Victoria, and practiced there before taking over the Rockhampton practice of James Flint, to whom he was related by marriage, in mid-1894. He also designed a hotel for JM Headrick & Co at Lakes Creek the following year. Hutton practiced widely in Rockhampton, both as a sole practitioner and in partnership with EM Hockings, who was to design the later extension of the Headrick companys East Street premises. The former Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Building (now the ABC Capricornia studios) in Quay Street was also designed by Hutton in 1897-98. He and Hockings completed design projects elsewhere in East Street during the term of their partnership, which lasted from 1898 until 1904. Hutton died in July 1911.</p><br>
<p>JM Headrick & Co took over their new building in 1895. An advertisement in the 1897-99 Queensland Post Office Directory describes the company as general merchants and importers; station, receiving, forwarding and custom house agents; wine and spirit merchants, as well as brewers. Their offices and warehouse are noted as being in East Street. A 1901 advertisement gives their precise address on East Street as No. 201.</p><br>
<p>In September 1898 JM Headrick Jnr died at age 38 leaving the business to be carried on by his brother Arthur. The former had been born in Geelong and had worked for the Bank of New South Wales in its Clermont branch prior to coming to Rockhampton and establishing the company bearing his name.</p><br>
<p>Title for two further subdivisions of the original allotment bought by SM Pitts was transferred to AEH Headrick and JM Headrick&#39;s widow, Annie Isabel, in 1909.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, using the additional subdivisions purchased in 1909, the East Street warehouse was extended in accordance with a design by EM Hockings, who was born in 1870 in Brisbane. He first moved to Rockhampton in 1890 after winning a competition to design the Rockhampton Girls Grammar School. Richard Gailey&#39;s firm, to which Hockings was articled, took over documentation of the project and he assumed the role of clerk of works. Hockings began his own practice in Rockhampton in 1895. The 1911 refurbishment he undertook trebled the size of the premises of JM Headrick & Co. Essentially his design repeated the basic template established by the earlier 1894-95 building, creating a coordinated facade out of three replications of it.</p><br>
<p>A photo in the Rockhampton District Historical Society collection, which was taken after completion of the 1911 extension, shows the signage on the building that remains in place in 2003. A second photograph from this collection depicts the original East Street building, before renovation (refer below). While the street facade of the 1911 extension is fully rendered with cement, only certain elements on the earlier facade are, the underlying brick being visible over much of it. A single-storey house and the AMP Building adjoin either side of the property, which also had a gently curved footpath canopy supported on cast iron columns.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 AEH Headrick died and John M Headrick & Co was converted into a limited liability company with FM Sealy, who had joined in 1885, made Managing Director. JAC Headrick, the elder son of JM Headrick Jnr, was made a Director, as was HJ Myles, the son-in-law of AEH Headrick. An April 1926 Morning Bulletin article describes this company as wine, spirit, hardware, and general merchants, station agents, receiving, forwarding, shipping, insurance and custom house agents, and direct importers of flour, teas, sugars, tobaccos, crockery, glassware, saddlery, wool pack, fencing wire, sheep shears, oil stores, and all station, hotel and storekeepers requisites, wines and spirits, and bulk and bottled ale and stout.</p><br>
<p>It is not until the early 1980s that the title on the entire property, including all five subdivisions, was transferred out of the Headrick company. At this time extensive alterations were carried out. Sometime during the 1970s, the building and business was owned and occupied by Burns Philp & Co, the mercantile and shipping company having a long association with central and northern Queensland. Under the 1990s tenure of new owners, the building was converted into a nightclub. In 2016, the building is used for as a real estate office.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The John M Headrick & Co Building is located on a block of East Street, bounded to the south-east and north-west respectively by Derby and William Streets, and populated with a number of other buildings of heritage significance. Those listed on the Queensland Heritage Register include: the Walter Reid Community Arts Centre and the AMP Building, each of which is adjacent to the property under discussion. Further to the north-west on East Street are located the Rockhampton Post Office and Rockhampton Court House Precinct, both of which are listed on the Queensland Heritage Register and the Australian Heritage Commission&#39;s Register of the National Estate.</p><br>
<p>The street frontage of this two-storey, rendered brick building is approximately 33.5m long. It extends back almost 46m to Quay Lane, which runs along the north-eastern edge of the five occupied allotments. This subsidiary road forms part of a system of laneways that inhabits the city centre&#39;s orthogonal grid and services its primary streets. The grid is aligned to the course of the Fitzroy River that flows from the north-west to the south-east. The John M Headrick & Co Building is situated within the central business district of Rockhampton; the main pedestrian mall is two blocks to the north-west, the river is a block away to the north-east, and the central railway station five blocks to the south-east.</p><br>
<p>The area covered by this warehouse building totals almost 1350m2. Its brick shell is articulated throughout with cement render; the painted front facade to East Street being ornately treated with freely employed classical motifs. It is composed of three major segments, each consisting of three bays formed with two framing and two centrally disposed engaged piers, which are topped by a course of pediments and a decorated parapet. Single narrow bays join the three segments. A number of striking horizontal lines are modelled across the front facade: a pedestal or base line, a stringcourse above the ground storey windows, a continuous sill line to the upper storey windows, a line of parapets above these openings, and a capping course running through the parapet. These do not interrupt the verticality created by the repetition of bays along the length of the facade.</p><br>
<p>The central facade segment is surmounted by a decorated parapet projection that spans the width of its three constituent bays. The two centrally disposed engaged piers are topped with a curved pediment, while the two framing piers are each topped with a small triangular pediment moulding. In the parapet, a small, semicircular gable and projecting panel supported either side by curved brackets mirror the curve in the pediment below. The words Headricks&#39; and "Established 1860" are lettered on this part of the ornate parapet. Above each framing pier and their pediments the parapet is articulated with a pedestal-like moulding.</p><br>
<p>The two flanking segments of the front facade are similarly modelled, however, their central bays are surmounted by triangular pediments and lower, generally triangular projections on the parapet. Each pedestal- like projection on the parapet that is without further decoration is topped with an urn. Across the parapet panel that spans the length of the front facade, and between the pedestal modellings, are inserted the words "John M - Headrick - & Company - General Merchants - John - Headrick - & Company".</p><br>
<p>The line of pediments sits on a cornice-like stringcourse supported on numerous miniature consoles. The central bay of each facade segment is narrower that the ones that flank it. On the upper level of the facade, the top half of all flanking piers in this system are fluted. Within the central bay is a window with three transoms and a fanlight. The moulding course that separates fanlight from window is carried through on all upper storey windows. These central windows are decorated with semicircular label moulds and keystones. The flanking windows in this system are wider and divided in two by a rendered mullion. They have three transoms and fanlights split in two by the mullion. The shafts of the engaged piers that correspond to this level of the building are simply modelled in their faces addressing East Street.</p><br>
<p>The pattern of openings on the ground storey section of the facade is not as regular as that described above. There are narrow windows with fanlights located in the central bays of two of the three facade segments. The opening in the remaining segment is a door with fanlight. Those windows that flank them are generally divided in two by a rendered mullion, as are the ones above, but the arches to their fanlights are flatter. All windows on this level have four transoms. The segment adjoining the AMP Building to the north-west of this property is the only one that conforms generally to the pattern suggested in the overall facade design. A large opening pierces the northern side of the central segment, while a smaller, shuttered opening fills the final bay on the south-eastern end adjoining the Walter Reid Community Arts Centre. A narrow canvas canopy has been installed above the widest opening, which currently serves as entry to the entertainment/nightclub premises. A series of Tuscan-style pilasters decorate the engaged piers to the ground storey.</p><br>
<p>On the rear facade of the building addressing Quay Lane, there are four triangular, gable-like projections to the parapet. The surface of the facade is roughly cement rendered with a number of openings on the ground level, a large one of which at the northern end appears to have been closed up. On the upper level the only openings are in the bay surmounted by the triangular parapet projection adjacent to the allotment that houses the AMP Building. There are three: the central window is tall and narrow, has a highlight and is divided by four transoms; and the flanking two are shorter but also have highlights and four transoms. These windows are evenly disposed over the width of the bay and each have projecting sills.</p><br>
<p>There are five downpipes and rainwater heads fixed to this facade. Two frame the northernmost bay, while two more are centred on the apexes of the southernmost facade sections. A final downpipe is fitted at the southern end of the facade. Given that the northernmost bay corresponds to the part of this building that was constructed first in 1894-95, and the position of the downpipes, it is likely that its roof between East Street and Quay Lane was a gable. The only other visible facade is that which faces the north-western allotment. It is rendered in a similar fashion to the rear facade and has no windows.</p><br>
<h3>Interiors</h3><br>
<p>The long corridor of building that corresponds to that which was constructed in 1894-95 is still evident in the ground floor layout. A long wall with engaged piers separates this section of the building from the larger part added during the renovations of 1911. In early 2003, the latter component of the building was being used as an entertainment centre with a nightclub above. Entry to the upper storey venue could either be gained via the shuttered opening on the front facade and a large flight of stairs, or via a second flight of stairs positioned against the dividing interior wall. The large ground floor entertainment tenancy was occupied by a series of brick piers. At the rear of this space, a store and services facilities have been installed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former John M Headrick & Co Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The history of the John M Headrick & Co Building, erected in 1894-95 and extended in 1911, demonstrates the changing pattern of mercantile trading in a major regional centre of Queensland. The company was associated with the commercial life of Rockhampton from the boom decade of the 1880s for over 100 years. The building carrying its name occupied a prominent location in the heart of the city throughout that period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The structure retains the chief characteristics of a commercial premises built and extended during Australia&#39;s Federation Period; the street facade is articulated with freely employed classical details common among such buildings, while the unadorned side and rear facades reflect its utilitarian purposes.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Although its interior has been greatly altered, the John M Headrick & Co building maintains a strong presence in the commercial heart of Rockhampton and along the streetscape of East Street. Because of this it is aesthetically important. It sits between the former AMP Building and the Walter Reid Community Arts Centre.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building, still bearing the name of its most long-lived occupants John M Headrick & Co, has a strong connection with the Headrick family, whose business and civic interests in Rockhampton began as early as 1862. It is also an example of the work of prominent Queensland architect EM Hockings. The design of its East Street facade owes a great deal to the "free classical" concepts employed by AM Hutton the designer of the original building component. He was a well-known local architect who designed many buildings in the city&#39;s historical central business district, including the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Building (or ABC Studios) on Quay Street. This was his first Rockhampton commission.</p><br>
<p>Railway Administration Building is a heritage-listed former office building at 233 Denison Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1886. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 July 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Railway Administration Building at Rockhampton was constructed in 1886 to a design prepared in the Office of the Chief Engineer for Railways. Its construction reflects the importance of Rockhampton as the coastal terminus of the Central Western railway line and the important role of the Central Western and North Coast railway lines in opening the Rockhampton hinterland and central western Queensland to settlement and economic exploitation, especially pastoralism and mining, during the last three decades of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Port Curtis Pastoral District was proclaimed in 1854 following pastoral exploration of the Fitzroy, Dawson and Mackenzie River systems and the Broadsound and Peak Downs areas in the early 1850s. A small settlement was established at Rockhampton in 1856 to service the pastoral properties being taken up in the district, but until the nearby Canoona gold rush of 1858, comprised little more than a few buildings and a small wharf. In 1858 the township of Rockhampton was surveyed, gazetted and proclaimed a port of entry.</p><br>
<p>A key impetus to the separation of Queensland from New South Wales in 1859 was the complaint that the Sydney-based New South Wales government spent little on transport and communications infrastructure in the northern districts. One of the first agenda items for the Queensland Government was the establishment of a railway system. In 1863 plans were approved for construction of the Southern railway line, a narrow gauge system to link the pastoral properties of the Darling Downs with coastal and international shipping. Although less populated and having a much smaller economic base than the Darling Downs, Port Curtis and Leichhardt district pastoralists argued that a rail link to the coast was essential to develop the area. Their political influence in the Queensland Parliament resulted in a deal being struck: their support for the southern line in exchange for a second Central Western rail line to be constructed linking the Rockhampton hinterland to the coast. The discovery of rich copper deposits at Peak Downs west of Rockhampton strengthened the central Queensland case.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton railway was approved in October 1864. Work commenced in 1865 and the Central Western line (then known as the Great Northern Railway) opened to Westwood in September 1867. A two-storeyed, prefabricated iron station and goods shed were imported from England and erected at the coastal terminus in Stanley Street, Rockhampton. Wayside stations were established at Gracemere, Stanwell and Westwood. These were of Queensland design and construction.</p><br>
<p>The line was too short to be profitable and approval for an extension was granted in late 1872, opening to the Dawson River in 1874, Duaringa in 1876, Blackwater (where coal had been discovered) in 1877 and Emerald in 1879. After Bogantungan (1881) the most difficult section was encountered - the ascent of the Drummond Range. Longreach, the western terminus of the Central Western Railway, was reached in 1892.</p><br>
<p>These railway extensions increased rail traffic in Rockhampton and by the mid-1880s additional administrative offices were needed. In 1884 FWC Kerr, a casual draftsman in the Central and Northern Division of the Chief Engineer for Railways&#39; Office, worked on the plans for a new, substantial brick administration building for Rockhampton. This was constructed in 1886 at the corner of Denison and Stanley streets, diagonally opposite the 1867 station. It was unusual for Queensland Railways to construct a stand-alone brick office building; most of the larger railway office buildings were combined with passenger stations (such as at Roma Street and Central stations in Brisbane and the Townsville railway station) and in other centres tended to be smaller and of timber construction. Offices for a pay clerk were added in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Until 1982 the building functioned as headquarters for the Central Western Railway and later Central Division except for a brief period in the late 1890s when Central Division was combined with Southern Division, for economic reasons.</p><br>
<p>The original prefabricated station in Stanley Street was demolished in 1973 and replaced by a new station building. On 10 November 1982 a new railway administration building was opened adjacent to the 1970s station.</p><br>
<p>The 1886 railways administration building was refurbished as a Driver Training Centre in 1985. Alterations at this time included the installation of fire escape stairs and internally, suspended ceilings, fluorescent lighting, a new staircase, new joinery and a new office fitout. The building was vacated again in 1994 then occupied briefly by Queensland Rail in 2000 before being sold.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the building is used as the Denison Boutique Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Railway Administration Building is located near the Rockhampton city centre on the corner of Stanley and Denison streets, diagonally opposite the main railyards. It retains a physical relationship with the North Coast Railway along the middle of Denison Street, which passes the former railway office building before crossing the intersection of Dension and Stanley streets to enter the railyard.</p><br>
<p>The former administration building is a two-storeyed, painted brick structure with a hipped roof and open verandahs to both levels on all sides. It has ornamental cast iron lace balustrades to the upper verandahs and cast iron columns to both levels. Original external timber joinery survives. The ground floor external walls have rendered quoins painted in a contrasting colour. The rear corners have timber fire escape stairs contained within the perimeter of the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>There is a low concrete fence along both street frontages. The grounds include mature Hoop Pines and palm trees.</p><br>
<p>Internal alterations made in 1985 - including suspended ceilings, fluorescent lighting, new staircase, new joinery and new office fitout - are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Railway Administration Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 July 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Railway Administration Building, Rockhampton, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, illustrating the importance of Rockhampton as a major railway administration centre and the significance of the Central and North Coast railways to the central Queensland economy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, being the most substantial purpose-built railway administration building extant in Queensland; other substantial administration centres (including Central and Roma Street in Brisbane and Townsville Station) combine with railway passenger stations.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in illustrating the characteristics of its class of cultural places: a substantial, late 19th century government office building designed for a sub-tropical climate. It is significant for the quality of its architecture and is a good example of the design work of the Office of the Chief Engineer for Railways in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building makes an aesthetic contribution to the streetscape and is a Rockhampton landmark.</p><br>
<p>North Rockhampton Borough Chambers is a heritage-listed former town hall at 20 Bridge Street, Berserker, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John William Wilson and built in 1885 by Messrs Burton and Smith. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 September 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The North Rockhampton Borough Chambers was constructed in 1885 by Messrs Burton and Smith to a design by Rockhampton architect, JW Wilson. The borough council remained in the building until 1919 when the Town of North Rockhampton was absorbed into the Town of Rockhampton. Since 1919, the building has been used by a number of groups, and from 1985, has been the home of the Rockhampton and District Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton emerged as an important Queensland regional centre during the 1850s and 1860s. The Municipality of Rockhampton was proclaimed on 15 December 1860. Rockhampton&#39;s development took on a greater prominence after the discovery of the mining wealth at Mount Morgan in 1882.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton&#39;s first neighbour in local government was the Gogango Divisional Board which was proclaimed by Order-in-Council in 1879. It completely surrounded the Municipality of Rockhampton and included North Rockhampton. The Borough of North Rockhampton, with a population of less than 1700, was established in 1883, only two years after the opening of the first bridge across the Fitzroy River. Its thirty-six year existence was often difficult and unhappy. The borough had only a small population and its location across the river from the stronger and wealthier Rockhampton Municipality made negative comparisons inevitable and the development of its own identify almost impossible. Even at the end of its independent existence in 1919, it was described as a "small and straggling hamlet".</p><br>
<p>From the beginning great pressure appears to have been placed on the Mayors of the Council who were at loggerheads with their own councillors. In the last years of the borough&#39;s existence, bitter letters of complaint to the Home Secretary or petitions demanding the removal of mayors and councillors went to Brisbane on a number of occasions.</p><br>
<p>The first meeting of resident landowners at North Rockhampton to receive nominations for councillors was held at the Forester&#39;s Hall in October 1883 and the first council met in early December to fulfil initial civic commitments, though according to the Morning Bulletin, not in a "very expeditious way". It was further commented in the Morning Bulletin that councillors should attend some meetings of the Rockhampton Municipality to learn procedure. The first mayor of the North Rockhampton Borough Council was William Hopkins. In February 1884, however, he was replaced by the newly elected, JW Face.</p><br>
<p>The borough&#39;s most pressing, and recurring problem was how to obtain a good water supply and the first three suggestions were a well, a pump near Kalka Creek and a dam in the Berserker Range. The council opted for a well in Kalka Creek near the foot of the Berserker Ranges and a pump to draw the water. The borough was still trying to raise funds for a dam in the Ranges when it became part of Greater Rockhampton in 1919. Besides the water issue, the borough was concerned that, with the altering of divisional boundaries, it might lose the Lakes Creek area. Again the Morning Bulletin saw fit to provide advice to borough by suggesting that the "infant community" should consider what an undue influence the Meat Preserving Company would have on its affairs, and thought that the borough would be better off without it. This is interesting as, it is likely that the municipality would have been strengthened by the establishment and continued presence of large industry.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, new plans for a tramway were put forward when the Rockhampton and Northside Tramway Company pushed ahead with plans for construction. In early 1885 however, Railway Engineer, Robert Ballard, criticised the council for the dangerous state of the main thoroughfare (Yaamba Road) torn up for the tramway. By March 1885, it was apparent that a tramway north or south of the river would not be completed.</p><br>
<p>Despite these difficulties, the North Rockhampton Borough Council obtained a loan to construct a purpose-built council building. The building was designed by John William Wilson and constructed by Messrs Burton and Smith at a cost of £1,346.</p><br>
<p>JW Wilson (1829-1915) was born in Banff, Scotland and emigrated to Australia, working in Ballarat as a foreman for the Victorian Works Department. After moving to Rockhampton in, Wilson worked as a builder and carrier until November 1874 when he began practice as an architect and surveyor, filling a void left by AW Voysey&#39;s appointment to the railways. Wilson was seen as a practical architect and dominated the profession in Rockhampton until the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Daily Argus on 17 December 1885, reported that the North Rockhampton Municipal Chambers were rapidly approaching completion. The Argus advised that on entering the interior, the first object that meets the eye was the substantial strong room situated in the south-east corner of the hall, built of brick in cement and plastered over with three quarters cement. Messrs Wiley, Holmes and Company supplied the four large cedar folding doors as well as the four, circular, wooden ventilators in the ceiling. By December 1885, partitions for four offices were in the course of assembly and the verandahs surrounding the premises were being covered by the plumbers with curved galvanised iron (described in the newspaper as O.G. sheeting).</p><br>
<p>The North Rockhampton Borough Chambers survived the 1880s without too many crises or achievements; however, in 1890, the Town Clerk was arrested for embezzlement. Relationships between the borough and the Gogango Divisional Board became an issue once again in 1893 concerning the issue of the two main roads north of Rockhampton: the Yaamba Road and the Black Ball Flats (now Norman Road). Letters of complaint and accusation were passed between the two local authorities and the Colonial Secretary. Maintenance of the roads were key issues.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the first decade of the 20th century, the North Rockhampton Borough Council was beset by other problems, including the entry of Labor politicians into the Council which alarmed the anti-socialist sector; personal accusations from one councillor to another, in one instance, a councillor claiming that one of the candidates for council was a "traitor" and another councillor claiming that his questions to council had not been recorded in the minutes of the meeting.</p><br>
<p>A major change occurred in council structure and administration shortly after the First World War - the establishment of the Greater Rockhampton Scheme. When in 1918, the North Rockhampton Borough Council approached Queensland Treasurer, Ted Theodore, for a loan, he considered it unfortunate that the government should be asked to finance two water schemes of considerable dimensions for the one city. The two local authorities were requested to work together for the one scheme. This was not easy as proposals for Greater Rockhampton had been turned down on two earlier occasions either through apathy or "mere prejudice" and it seemed that if Rockhampton wanted modern amenities these deterrent factors must be overcome. In the end it was government pressure rather than local agreement which brought amalgamation about and, in March 1919, there were thirty-two nominations for the first enlarged council of eleven councillors.</p><br>
<p>Following the subsuming of the North Rockhampton Borough Council into the Greater Rockhampton Scheme, the Main Roads Board used the building as its offices from the 1920s to the 1960s, when it moved to new government offices in Bolsover Street. The Navel Cadets then made it their Headquarters before moving to another venue.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton City Council commenced restoration work on the building in 1984. Since 1985, the former North Rockhampton Borough Chambers has been the home of the Rockhampton and District Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Situated in Stapleton Park and accessed via Bridge Street, the former North Rockhampton Borough Chambers is a single storey brick building, painted white, with a gabled roof clad with corrugated galvanised iron, with ogee shaped verandah surrounding the building on four sides. The verandah has timber balustrading and chamfered timber posts with moulded capitals. The roof has three ventilators on the northern and southern sides of the building. Timber finials and decorative timber fretwork to the gable are located at the western and eastern ends of the building.</p><br>
<p>The western elevation, the main entrance to the building, has three pointed arch windows with timber louvres in the upper section. Similarly, the eastern elevation has a single pointed arch window with timber louvres.</p><br>
<p>All four elevations have paired, timber doors with breezeways. Two timber framed, sash windows with timber shutters are located in the western and eastern elevations and four of the same windows are located in the northern and southern elevations. Concrete ramp access is located in the southern side of the building. Modern kitchenette and toilet facilities are located along the verandah in the south-east corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>A garden is located in front of the north-western side of the building and some mature trees are located to the west of the building. Vacant land surrounds the building to its southern and north-eastern side. Directly to the north is located an asphalted area with street signs, traffic lights and marked lanes, designed to educate the user about road rules. A basketball court is located directly west of the building beyond the garden area. The Police Citizens Youth Club building is located on a separate block of land to the west of the basketball court area.</p><br>
<p>The bitumen court area and the bitumen road training facility are not part of the heritage listing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>North Rockhampton Borough Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 September 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1885, for the North Rockhampton Borough Council, the former North Rockhampton Borough Chambers is significant as it demonstrates the development of the institute of local government in North Rockhampton. It is an extant reminder of the North Rockhampton Borough Council which was subsumed into the new council structure with the proclamation of the Greater Rockhampton area in 1919.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former North Rockhampton Borough Chambers is a rare surviving example of a purpose built council chambers from the 19th century which were a common feature of Queensland towns from this period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former North Rockhampton Borough Chambers is significant for its association with prominent Rockhampton architect, JW Wilson, who designed a number of buildings in Rockhampton including the School of Arts, Bolsover Street; the former Harbour Board Building and the Bulletin Building both in Quay Street.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former North Rockhampton Borough Chambers is significant as an example of a well composed local government building with a strong domestic influence. Located in Stapleton Park, the former North Rockhampton Borough Chambers makes a significant contribution to the landscape, and particularly for its contribution to the Bridge Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former North Rockhampton Borough Chambers has a special association with the people of North Rockhampton and continues to be a focal point for the community as the home of the Rockhampton and District Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Adolphus William Copper Smelter is a heritage-listed former copper smelter and associated mining camp at Westwood and Oakey Creek in Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1874. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Adolphus William Copper Smelter, located 45 km southwest of Rockhampton, was one of a number of small copper operations established in central Queensland during the boom-bust period in international copper prices in the early to mid 1870s. The smelter operated between 1874 and 1876. The associated Adolphus William Copper Mine had a fluctuating history, being worked on and off between 1872 and the late 1870s, (possibly as late as 1879) then again in the early and mid 20th century. Little information exists for the associated Dee Township, which is believed to have been occupied during the 1870s boom period and was quickly abandoned when the mine and smelter closed for the first time. The last copper mining occurred in the area in 1940, and in 1942, the copper deposits in the area were declared unprofitable.</p><br>
<p>Copper was the first metal commercially mined in Australia, commencing in South Australia in 1844. In Queensland, the Peak Downs Copper Mine at Copperfield (now part of Clermont) in Central Queensland, opened in 1862. It was Queensland&#39;s first successful copper mine and the first successful copper mine outside South Australia.</p><br>
<p>The early copper industry, like most Australian mining operations, always had to export its mineral products and was therefore at the mercy of international copper price fluctuations. A series of small copper mines and smelters were established in Queensland during a copper boom-bust period in the early-mid 1870s. These operations were established during a period of high international copper prices when the mineral was valued at as much as UK£95 per ton. The first mine established during this period was at Mount Perry, southwest of Bundaberg. A mineral freehold had been established at Mount Perry in 1870 and a "copper rush" soon followed. A smelter was erected in 1871 and its reverberatory furnaces were operating by 1872.</p><br>
<p>This "copper rush" and an extended period of high copper prices resulted in a rapid establishment of a number of additional copper mines and smelters in central and southern parts of Queensland. Operations commenced at Kariboe Creek, between Monto and Biloela in 1871 and Mount Orange southwest of Mackay in 1871. In southern Queensland, mining began at Mount Coora and Mount Clara to the west of Gympie in 1872 and Teebar northwest of Gympie in 1873.</p><br>
<p>Copper had been found close to Oaky Creek (sometimes also spelt Oakey Creek), southwest of Mount Morgan by William MacKinlay, head stockman of the pastoral run over the area Calliungal, held by Hugh Robinson. MacKinlay had walked the Dee Range, along the river and creeks, fossicking for gold, but instead found a copper lode. The year of actual discovery is not known, but rights to mine copper here were acquired by the Scottish Australian Mining Company in 1870. Samples of copper ore sent to Wales for assay proved the value of the ore. Mineral freeholds were taken up to cover the copper deposit which extended about two kilometres in length. The Adolphus William Copper Mine, located on the top of a steep slope north of Mackay Creek, southwest of Mount Morgan, opened in about 1872.</p><br>
<p>It is not clear when the nearby and associated Dee Township site was first occupied, but it is likely that it was utilised during the 1870s boom-bust period, and then quickly abandoned.</p><br>
<p>A smelter was constructed at Adolphus William in about 1874. Smelting is a process of extracting a metal from its ores by heating ores in a reducing environment such as a furnace. Smelting is a standard method for treating copper ores which are heated to melting point where the higher density copper metal is separated from the lighter ore. At the Adolphus William, two chimneys were built to provide the necessary draught for smelting ore with wood to fuel the furnace sourced from throughout the local area. Two small reverberatory furnaces were installed at the smelter. The reverberatory furnace was the predominant copper smelter technology in use in central Queensland and across Queensland until the 1890s, when the water-jacket blast furnace technology developed in the United States of America became more common.</p><br>
<p>The reverberatory furnace was a Welsh technology and was essentially a masonry hearth with a roof erected over it. The Welsh process happened to be very well suited to the rich carbonate ores that characterised the early copper discoveries. Finely crushed and concentrated copper ore is mixed with the flux (chemicals or other substances added to a load of ore and fuel) and spread on the hearth, under which an intense fire is lit in a firebox situated at one end of the furnace, allowing a flame to pass over the ore. Common practice from the period was to fire the furnace for up to twenty-four hours, following which the matte (the intermediate product of the smelting process consisting of 40-55% copper) and slag were extracted from separate openings and at different levels on the sides of the furnace.</p><br>
<p>Copper smelting in 1870s central Queensland was an experimental undertaking due to isolation from required materials, equipment, expertise and a need to adapt existing technologies to suit the local environmental and economic conditions. Smelter men who came to Queensland were more likely to rely on "craft" knowledge of smelting than on written instruction and would adapt their approaches to solve problems in personal and idiosyncratic ways.</p><br>
<p>Crucial for the durability and efficiency of reverberatory furnaces was construction by skilled bricklayers and good quality firebricks - both of which were in short supply in Australia at the time. The furnaces at Adolphus William were constructed from firebricks made in Cumbernauld, Dunbartonshire, Scotland by the Cumbernauld Fire-Clay Company.</p><br>
<p>The copper metal from the smelter was hauled on a government road built about 1874 to a rail head at Westwood for transport to Rockhampton. The first six tons of copper reached Rockhampton in December 1876. Production between 1875 and 1877 totalled 203 tons of copper from 1790 tons of ore.</p><br>
<p>Most mines, smelters and associated settlements from the initial "copper rush" period closed down before the end of the same decade, as international copper prices fell to near UK£60 per ton in 1879. Copper prices continued to fall to a bottom of UK£40 per ton in 1886. Only top producers were able, to some extent, break the dependence on high prices. Flanagan&#39;s at Kariboe Creek and Great Blackall quickly ceased smelting in 1874, Mount Clara (and possibly Mount Coora as well) by 1875, and Mount Perry by 1877 (Mount Perry was revived again in the late 1880s). The Adolphus William Copper Mine, and probably the smelter, had closed by 1876 though one account suggests that the mine continued operations until 1879. By 1879 a weekly mail service to the area from Rockhampton had ceased and the site appears to have been deserted at this time.</p><br>
<p>A second copper boom occurred in the central and southern Queensland regions in the period 1897 - 1907, with mines and smelters established at places such as Sundown, Glassford Creek, Mount Hector, Mount Chalmers, Mount Cannindah, and at Mount Morgan. A number of these mines were taken over by overseas capital in this period. At the same time smelters were established in the northern region, notably at Mount Garnet, Chillagoe and Mount Molloy in the Mount Isa District.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent Adolphus William Copper Mine, then known as the Dee River Mine, was worked again in the early 20th century, until 1915. In 1917, 20.5 tones of ore were again mined from old dumps at the Adolphus William and again in 1918 a further 99 tons of ore were mined for a yield of 17 tons of copper. It is unclear when mining of copper at Dee River Mine finally ceased, though Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Ltd took up three leases in the Dee River area in 1926; these did not proceed due to the company&#39;s liquidation. Its successors, Mount Morgan Limited and Morgan Mining and Industrial Co. Pty Ltd, also had leases and options over the area. The mine was again worked in 1940 and produced 2.4 tons of copper from 29.8 tons of ore which was smelted at Chillagoe.</p><br>
<p>A number of shafts were driven to the areas north and west of the smelter remains. These shafts included the "Little Blow", "Yellow Ore", "Big Blow", "No.1 Shaft", "Tunnel", "Sunday Places", and Moreheads Shaft&#39;. All shafts were reportedly partially or completely collapsed by 1942. The mine area was heavily disturbed by subsequent prospecting (costeans and test cuts) during various attempts to rework the copper lodes in the area in 1917, 1927 and 1940. Due to the limited remains, degree of degradation, and extent of disturbance, the collapsed shaft remains are not considered included in this recommendation.</p><br>
<p>With an increased need for copper during World War Two, the Dee River and old Adolphus William workings were again considered for re-mining, but it was concluded that mining would not appreciably increase the production of copper nor would it be profitable.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Smelter</h3><br>
<p>The remains of the smelter are located on the western aspect and on the upper slope of a low hill in dry stony ridge country above Oaky Creek. The area surrounding the smelter ruins is infested with lantana and rubber vine, limiting visibility in places. The area has been heavily overgrazed and is continuing to degrade with evidence of severe topsoil erosion.</p><br>
<p>Components of the smelter include a largely intact brick chimney stack and associated brick rubble, a collapsed brick stack, two collapsed reverberatory furnaces, a slag pile, and scattered metal and other artefacts. A dry stone retaining wall flanks the western side (down slope) of the smelter site and is constructed from locally sourced stone and measures 0.8 - 1.0m in height.</p><br>
<p>The stack measures 16m in height and features a square based (1.8m x 1.8m) stack design with a brick pedestal foundation measuring 2.0m x 2.0m. The interior of the stack is made from imported yellow to orange-red Cumbernauld firebricks laid in a header bond arrangement. The exterior structure is made from locally made clay bricks (no makers mark or "frog" evident) arranged in a modified English bond coursework pattern.</p><br>
<p>The stack has been braced at set intervals from the top down to approximately half height. Angle iron is used and is formed by two pieces with short overlapping angle pieces at the join and is held in place with a looped and threaded rod. This bracing appears to be held in place by clamping to the stack fascia rather than direct attachment to the brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The lower half of the stack is braced internally with two sets of four heavy steel rods running horizontally through each side of the stack and protruding from the brickwork near each corner. Clamping plates are sited flush with the brickwork then packing/washers with square sided nuts are used to tighten the bracing against the brick work. These clamping plates have "AWCS" stamped onto each corner suggesting at least partial on-site manufacture in a blacksmith&#39;s or smelter workshop.</p><br>
<p>Other archaeological artefacts are found close-by to the stack, including an iron crucible (carrying/lifting jig/frame) a post with large neat mortise work, suggesting a professional carpenter may have been employed to erect a timber building encompassing parts of the smelter works, and a slag pile/slope to the south. A fig tree, located adjacent to the intact chimney stack and impacting on the brickworks, features historical graffiti.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the second brick chimney stack, which collapsed in 1954, are located to the east of the intact stack. This is now visible as a partially collapsed brick base, a brick pile and scatter of "Cumbernauld" and locally made bricks, and remnant structural timbers.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the reverberatory furnaces are in an advanced state of decay and are mostly collapsed. The furnaces are made with "Cumbernauld" firebricks and feature a large amount of slag build-up. These firebricks have also used to help keep the base brickwork intact. Iron beams, possibly from a local light rail track, have been rammed into the ground in certain places to help stabilise the furnaces. Fig tree and rubber vine are extensive in this area and are invading some elements of the brickwork and in other places helping to stabilise it.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of a small cottage interpreted as the smelter manager&#39;s cottage are located approximately 150m east and upslope from the intact chimney stack. The site is near the crest of the hill and features a brick floor or foundations, a brick chimney and ships tanks. The cottage measures approximately 6.2m long and 4.9m wide and was constructed of local bricks. The remaining in-situ elements are the foundations of the cottage and/or part of a brick floor. The lack of bricks scattered adjacent to the cottage suggests that parts may have been made from local timbers, or bricks were taken from the site and reused elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>A bottle tree located at the site of the manager&#39;s cottage features historical graffiti dating to the period of smelter operations. Engraved on the tree is "W.A. Mine 1874".</p><br>
<p>The cottage chimney measures 4.4m in height and has a 1.5m square base. Brickwork is stepped above 1.5m. A ships tank (1.2m x 1.2m) is located next to the cottage ruin. The tank has a circular access hole with a drop-in lid and was possibly used for water storage, possibly runoff from the cottage roof.</p><br>
<p>Located down slope and approximately 75-100m west-northwest of the cottage ruins is a scatter of metal, mostly scrap iron such as bolts, metal plating and sheeting, rail tracks and rail cut offs, and a crucible basket. This area has been tentatively interpreted as a "workshop" attached to the smelting operations. Material is spread across the slope for 50m, with a brick scatter to the south, metal artefacts concentrated in the centre, and a brick stockpile (local and firebricks) situated at the northern end. Fragments of stoneware were recorded immediately upslope from the "workshop" area.</p><br>
<h3>Dee Township</h3><br>
<p>The abandoned Dee Township is located about one kilometre southwest of the smelter area. The township area consists of the remains of at least 3-4 buildings. Two chimneys interpreted as belonging to two distinct domestic structures have been identified. One chimney is still intact and stands approximately 3m in height. A second chimney located approximately 8m distant to the intact chimney is mostly collapsed, the remains standing 1.3m in height. A third structure interpreted as the "bakehouse" was recorded 40m south of the intact domestic chimney. This site featured base/footings of a chimney stack and short wall remnants, a floor measuring 5.3m x 4.0m, five ships tanks (1.2m x 1.2m each) scattered immediately north and northeast of the site, and small quantities of broken glass, stoneware and ceramics located down slope.</p><br>
<p>A fourth feature is located to the northeast of ruins of the two domestic structures. A cobbled surface of un-worked locally sourced cobble stones is located adjacent to a modern access track. The surface follows the natural slope, suggesting that it is not a building foundation. The surface measures 18m long and 7m wide. Close to the cobbled surface is a steel bucket made from riveted folded iron sheeting and strapping.</p><br>
<p>It is probable that other residences and structures within Dee Township were tent huts, and evidence of these structures may remain in shallow subsurface deposits around the identified elements of the township.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Adolphus William Copper Smelter and Dee Township was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The Adolphus William Copper Smelter and Dee Township has the potential to reveal important information about Queensland&#39;s history including a better understanding of early copper smelting practices in central Queensland, and aspects of life on and around a 19th-century copper smelter site. Mining and associated industries such as smelting had a major role in stimulating the development of local, regional and state economies and underpinning the growth of central Queensland. For most of the period 1860s - 1890s, central Queensland was the predominant copper producing area of the State.</p><br>
<p>The Adolphus William Smelter and Dee Township is a rare surviving example of a copper smelter and township complex from the early phase of copper mining in central Queensland, one of the most intact examples of its type, and is representative of copper smelting practice in central Queensland during this period.</p><br>
<p>The reverberatory furnace was the predominant copper smelter technology in use in Queensland and Australia until the 1890s and the central Queensland region featured by far the greatest number of smelters of this type. The Adolphus William is one of only three reverberatory furnace smelter sites that survive with some degree of integrity in central Queensland and from this period - the others being the remains of Flanagan&#39;s Smelter at Kariboe Creek, southeast of Biloela, and Mount Orange Smelter southwest of Mackay. The Adolphus William survives with a degree of intactness and integrity not evident at these other locations, as, unlike other remnant smelter sites in central and southern Queensland it was not reopened or reused following closure. Archaeological investigations of the Adolphus William will provide the opportunity to examine this influential smelting technology through the application of archaeological techniques to the remaining structures and archaeological deposits, and a rare opportunity to illuminate aspects of local adaptation of copper smelting technologies in Queensland through further analysis of the archaeological remains.</p><br>
<p>The Adolphus William Copper Smelter and Dee Township complex is the only known smelter and township complex from this period in central Queensland&#39;s copper mining history where an associated abandoned township survives with researchable archaeological integrity and potential. The Dee Township has obvious surface remains and reasonable integrity translating to good archaeological research potential. The Dee Township exhibits the primary characteristics of a number of mining fields of the 19th century where a specific township site was developed due to the presence of a mine, but was then quickly abandoned once the mine closed. Archaeological investigations within the Dee Township may reveal important insights into life on an early mining and smelting operation which is otherwise unobtainable at other sites of this type or is otherwise undocumented. Excavations on and around the several relatively intact living floors, the town bakery and indeterminate cobble path or foundation area at the lower end of the town has potential to provide more reliable dates of occupation and archaeological artefacts that provide a better picture of life in remote mining settlements of this type.</p><br>
<p>Gavys - lake in eastern Lithuania, Ignalina district, about 2 km southwest of Ignalina. The western part of the lake edge Aukštaitija National Park. Gavys lake length 1.9 cm, width 1.2 km. Depth up to 56 m.</p><br>
<p>Shores tall on the west forested. In the northern part of the bays and peninsulas. There are 3 small islands (total area of 2.3 ha). The lake bottom is covered mainly sapropel elsewhere - sludge. The sandbar is narrow, covered with gravel or sand.</p><br>
<p>To the streets in the north-east of the creek empties (duct) from Gavaitis lake and southwest of the creek flows Gavys creek (Nasrupė tributary) Water transparency of 4.6 to 11 m.</p><br>
<p>Gavys the fish caught in the lake: pike fish, rope fishes, roaches, breams, crucian carps, perches, alburnus, ruffs, smelts, burbots, whitefishes (whitefishes breed)</p><br>
<p>Near Gavys villages: Pagavaitis, Pagavė, Antagavė, and Ignalina south purlieus.</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Apartments are a historic apartment building at 51-53 High Street in Bangor, Maine. Built in 1919, it is one of the oldest and best-preserved apartment houses in the city that was marketed to a middle and upper-class population. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Colonial Apartments stand near the western edge of Bangor&#39;s central business district, on the west side of High Street opposite Middle Street. It is a three story "double triple-decker", built out of brick in the Colonial Revival style. It has a flat roof and an unadorned cornice, with pilasters at the corner, and symmetrically placed wooden porches at the center of the main facade. The interior is divided into six apartments, two per floor, separated by a party wall and accessed via separate stairwells in each half. The apartment interiors have retained much of their original finish, including fireplace mantels and woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The apartment house was built in 1919 to a design by local architect Victor Hodgins, on a parcel that previously held a much larger housing complex destroyed by fire. It was one of the first purpose-built apartment buildings in the city, as differentiated from tenement-style worker housing, which had existed in the city in limited amounts since the 1890s. This apartment house was set in a neighborhood of more elegant middle-class houses, and was typically occupied by white collar workers. A significant number of its units were also occupied by either single women, or pairs of women (including widowed mothers with adult daughters), marking the start of a trend away from single women either boarding in private homes, or living in more communal boarding house arrangements.</p><br>
<p>The How Houses are a trio of Federal period houses on adjacent lots facing Danforth and Pleasant Streets in Portland, Maine. Built between 1799 and 1818, they are a surviving reminder of how the surrounding area was once developed; they are now surrounded by more modern commercial properties. They were listed as a group on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980; the Daniel How House was separately listed in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The first of the How houses to be built is the Daniel How House at 23 Danforth Street. Built in 1799, it is a 2-1/2 story brick building, trimmed with granite, and featuring a Doric entrance portico. It was built by Daniel How, a native of Methuen, Massachusetts, on land belonging to his father-in-law. The second house, that of Daniels son John, was built by Daniel as a wedding present for his son in 1817. It stands at 40 Pleasant Street, and has similar Federal styling to the fathers house. Its entrance is recessed in an archway, with sidelight and fanlight transom windows. The third house, a double house at 30-32 Pleasant Street, was built in 1818 by Daniels brother Joseph. It is three stories in height, built of brick with granite trim like the others, and has entrances styled similar to those of Johns house.</p><br>
<p>At the time Daniel How built his house, it directly overlooked the waterfront and Casco Bay to the northeast, and Commercial Street, which parallels Danforth on the waterfront, did not exist. The properties have in the intervening years been hemmed in by later commercial development, but are a well-preserved reminder of the area&#39;s early 19th-century appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Round Schoolhouse is a historic school building on Grassy Brook Road in Brookline, Vermont. Built in 1822, it is the oldest brick schoolhouse in Windham County, and further distinctive for its round shape. From 1929 to 1989 it served as Brookline&#39;s town hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Round School House is located on the west side of Grassy Brook Road, south of the center of Brookline, and just south of the roads crossing of Grassy Brook. It is a single story circular brick structure, with a shallow-pitch conical roof. A gabled vestibule projects to the south, providing the only entrance to the building, and there are five windows in its walls. The roof is held together by an iron hoop, with rafters leading from the wall to a king post at the center. The post rises through the center of the roof, providing a finial on the exterior. The interior of the school is a single chamber, which originally had benches arranged to face the teachers desk, which was located near the door. The interior dates to 1910, with tongue-and-groove flooring and wainscoting.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was built in 1822, replacing an earlier wood frame structure that stood nearby. The school was built by John "Thunderbolt" Wilson, a Scottish immigrant who is said to have been a highwayman in his native country, but established a practice as a doctor and teacher, serving Brookline and Newfane. The building was used as a schoolhouse until 1929, when a new school was built that conformed to state standards. The building was then used as Brookline&#39;s town hall until 1989.</p><br>
<p>The William Franklin and Rebecca Durell House is a historic house located at 408 West 5th Street in Vermont, Illinois. Local businessman William Franklin Durell and his wife Rebecca had the house built in 1872; at the time, West 5th Street was a desirable neighborhood for prominent Vermont residents known as "The Lane". The couples house is designed in the Italianate style. Decorative porches project from the house at the front entrance and on the east side, and the houses windows are tall and narrow with segmental arched tops. The house&#39;s low hip roof features a cornice with paired brackets. A Victorian-inspired carriage house with a cross gable plan and a cupola is also part of the property.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Joab Mershon House is a historic house located at 507 West 5th Street in Vermont, Illinois. Joab Mershon, a local pork packer and banker, had the house built for his family in 1859. The house has an Italianate design with Greek Revival elements; at the time of its construction, the former style was emerging in popularity while the latter was declining, and the house represents a transitional work between the two styles. The Italianate influence is seen most prominently in the hip roof, which features a bracketed cornice and a cupola with matching brackets. Key Greek Revival elements include the dentillation on the entrance and cupola and the ornamental cast iron lintels. The house&#39;s interior has a four-over-four plan, which features four rooms on each floor and a central hallway.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Stapleford–Hoover–Whitney House is a historic house located at 401 North Main Street in Vermont, Illinois. Built circa 1855, the house was twice remodeled and incorporates elements of three different architectural styles. The original house was built for businessman and speculator Edward Stapleford; it had an I-house plan with a Greek Revival design, which is still reflected in its entrance and windows. Stapleford hanged himself in 1857 after going into debt via a speculation gone wrong; his wife Sarah lived in the house until 1871, when it was purchased by Dr. A. L. Hoover. Hoover, who ran a medical practice in the village, added the house&#39;s Italianate features, which included a hip roof with a bracketed cornice and two ornate porches. Merchant George F. Whitney bought the house in the 1880s; his wife and son added the Queen Anne style bay window in 1892.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Patterson Hamer House is a historic house located at 405 West 5th Street in Vermont, Illinois. Local businessman Patterson Hamer had the house built for his family in 1872-73. The house is designed in the Second Empire style, which was inspired by French architecture and popular in the United States from the 1860s through the 1880s. A mansard roof with two projecting dormers, a key feature of Second Empire designs, tops the house; the roof has cornices at the top and bottom and paired brackets along its eaves. The house also features three porches, all of them part of the original design, and arched windows. The property also includes a carriage house and a privy; both are designed to match the house, and the former has its own mansard roof.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Sewall Memorial Congregational Church is a historic church at 558 United States Route 1 in Robbinston, Maine. Built in 1911, it is the small community&#39;s only example of a Late Victorian church, with an asymmetrical Queen Anne style. The church, whose congregation dates to the early 19th century, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 . It is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sewall Memorial Church is located on the west side of US 1, directly opposite the Redclyffe Motel, and overlooking the St. Croix River. It is a tall single-story wood frame structure, finished mainly in clapboards, with a few bands of decorative cut wood shingles. It rests on a concrete block and stone foundation with a granite cornerstone dated 1809-10. It has a front-facing gabled roof, with a square tower projecting slight from the left front corner. The main entrance is in the base of the tower, sheltered by a gabled porch, with lancet-arched windows at the second stage, and pyramidal roof at the top that has hip-roofed dormers housing arched louvers. The main facade has a large lancet-arched stained-glass window, and the sides have evenly spaced smaller arched stained-glass windows. A single-story vestry extends to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Robbinston Congregational Church was established in 1811, and built its first meeting house on this site in 1841. In July 1910 the building was struck by lightning and burned down, although historic artifacts were preserved. The present church was built soon afterward, with significant funding assistance from the children of Rev. David Sewall, who had been pastor here 1842-59. The church was consequently renamed in that family&#39;s honor. The church congregation was moribund for about twenty years beginning in the 1970s, but was revived in the 1990s and the building restored. The building, whose architect is not known, is one of eighteen historic (pre-1930) churches statewide that has the asymmetrical side-tower plan.</p><br>
<p>The Henry H. Page House is a historic house located at 221 North Union Street in Vermont, Illinois. Horse breeder Henry H. Page had the house built for his family in 1912-13. The house&#39;s design reflects a contemporary trend which architectural historian Alan Gowans described as Picturesque Eclectic; while its form distincly fits a recognizable style, in its case the American Foursquare, its ornamentation borrows from multiple different styles. The large front gable dormer, which includes a horseshoe arch opening and decorated spandrels, is a Queen Anne feature. The cornice features both bracketing and stickwork, decorative elements of the Italianate and Stick styles respectively. The brick piers supporting the front porch come from the American Craftsman style, while the leaded windows are Classical Revival elements.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Sabin–Wheat Farm is a historic farmstead at 348 Westminster Road in Putney, Vermont, United States. Established about 1790 and subject to major alterations in the 1860s, it is a well-preserved and little-altered example of a 19th-century New England connected farmstead. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sabin Wheat Farm stands on the east side of Westminster Road, about 2 mi north of Putney village, just north of the roads crossing of Sacketts Brook. The farmstead stands close to the road, on 2.2 acre that are surrounded by working agricultural fields. The principal feature of the farmstead is the main house, an Italianate structure at the front of the complex that is one of the town&#39;s earliest examples of the style. Extending behind it are a kitchen ell, a long shed, and two attached barns, all built or moved to the site in the early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The farm was established early in Putneys history, when Noah Sabin purchased the surrounding land and built a house in 1768, probably across the street from the present house. The present house has at its core Sabins second house, a Federal period structure built c. 1780-90. The farm was owned by Sabins until 1839, when it was sold to a cousin Samuel Wheat, Jr. Wheat, a prosperous farmer, was responsible for the transformation of the 1780s farmstead into the connected complex that we see in largely unaltered form today. For much of the 20th century the farm was worked as a dairy operation by the Braley family.</p><br>
<p>Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Hall of Records is a historic corporate archives located at Yonkers, Westchester County, New York. It was designed by noted architect D. Everett Waid and built by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in 1906. The Classical Revival style building consists of a two-story section built in 1906, a third floor that was added in 1920, and two additions that were constructed in 1917 and 1927. It is constructed of steel frame and reinforced concrete, and has a brick curtain wall. The building is "L"-shaped features a convex portico with cast stone columns at the interior of the "L". The building housed over 56 linear miles of filing space in shelving units and cabinets and remained under Metropolitan Life’s ownership until 2006.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>St Christophers Chapel is a heritage-listed chapel at St Christophers Chapel Road, Nerimbera, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1943 to 1959. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Christopher&#39;s Chapel at Nerimbera was erected in 1943 by the American 542 Engineers, Ship and Shore Battalion. The timber and stone chapel was built on Harbour Board land made available to the USA Army by the Queensland Government. It reflects the presence of American troops in Queensland during the Second World War and stands as the only structure of its kind in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The area around the chapel had been used as a convalescent camp for American troops based around Rockhampton, and other USA units which had been sent to Rockhampton to rest after combat operations in the Pacific islands. During the peak time of American occupation more than 70 000 American soldiers from the 24th, 32nd and 41st USA Army combat divisions, and One Army Corps - "1 Corps", were stationed in the Rockhampton area.</p><br>
<p>In 1943 several army chaplains recognised the need for a non-denominational chapel, and approached the Corps Commander for assistance. The 542 Engineers Ship and Shore were given the task of constructing the chapel under the supervision of the chaplains. The timber roof trusses and the stones used in construction were collected from the surrounding area. When the work was completed late in 1943, the four chaplains (two Protestant, one Roman Catholic and one Jewish Rabbi) consecrated the chapel as a place of divine worship where non-denominational services could be held.</p><br>
<p>After the United States troops left in February 1944 there was a gradual deterioration in the building until Henry Beak, whose grazing property adjoined the chapel, began to take care of it in July 1947. From mid 1955 the Livingstone Shire and Rockhampton City Councils assumed responsibility for the chapel.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, Master Sergeant Jack Bauman, USA Army, returned to Rockhampton and attempted to raise funds for the restoration of the chapel. Jack Bauman died before funds were raised but the 41st Division in America forwarded $130 to the American 41st Division Association in Rockhampton to paint the chapel. An octagonal band rotunda was erected in honour of Master Sergeant Bauman adjacent to the chapel.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 vandals destroyed a number of articles in the chapel which precipitated the formation of a committee and the appointment of trustees from the R.S.S.A.I.L.A. and the 41st Division Association to preserve and maintain the chapel. The committee established an annual service held on the Sunday closest to 4 July, American Independence Day.</p><br>
<p>During the time the committee looked after the chapel the memorial fence was erected with each donor&#39;s name engraved on a stainless steel panel. The lower gates were donated by the R.S.S.A.I.L.A. Rockhampton Branch and the main gates were a gift from Henry Beak. The signs commemorating athletic events, which are located around the sides of the chapel, are mementos collected from a sports oval which was located near the chapel and used by the troops during their occupation. These signs were placed in the chapel by Henry Beak.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 the committee dissolved, at which time the R.S.L. was approached to be the new caretakers for the chapel. The chapel is now under the authority of the Livingstone Shire Council and is a public place.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Christophers Chapel is located fronting St Christophers Chapel Road, Nerimbera, to the southeast of Rockhampton. The site is located on the southeastern side of low hill, and the entrance to the chapel faces in an easterly direction.</p><br>
<p>The single storeyed open-sided chapel has a concrete base, and is constructed of undressed timber posts and beams supporting king post trusses with struts and a ribbed metal gable roof. The chapel is open at the front and to both sides, with a low random rubble stone wall to the perimeter. The low stone wall has a central opening at the front, and returns either side of concrete steps which provide access to the chapel from the entrance path. The gable end has fibrous cement sheeting with timber battens, and a cross of undressed timber at the apex. The entrance is flanked by two marble plaques; the southern plaque commemorates the maintenance of the chapel by the Returned Services League of Australia, and the northern plaque commemorates the erection of the chapel in 1943 by the United States 542nd Special Engineer Regiment.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the structure has a raised platform separated from the body of the chapel by timber altar rails. A random rubble stone wall to the underside of the roof trusses creates a recessed central altar with a door to either side accessing rear side rooms. The altar has a central rose window consisting of coloured glass in a fretwork frame, below which is a large shelf surmounting a marble cross set in the stone wall. A free-standing random rubble pulpit is located at the southern side of the altar. The rear side rooms are enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting, and each has a sash window at the rear and a door opening onto a recessed porch behind the altar. The northern room contains a commemorative plaque fixed to the side wall.</p><br>
<p>The chapel has a wide centre aisle with timber pews to either side. The struts to alternate roof trusses have been painted in red, white and blue, and the Australian and American coat of arms are depicted on panels fixed to the roof truss above the altar rails. Timber planks displaying American servicemen&#39;s athletic records have been attached to the upper section of both sides of the chapel.</p><br>
<p>An octagonal band rotunda is located on the northern side of the chapel. This structure has a concrete and random rubble stone base, and is constructed of undressed timber posts and rafters, with sawn cross members, supporting a pitched ribbed metal roof. The rotunda is open to each side, with concrete steps providing access from the eastern side. A low timber bench seat is located around the perimeter, and timber pews have been placed in the rotunda facing the adjacent chapel altar. A stone plaque fixed to the stone base commemorates the erection of the rotunda.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the chapel is via commemorative metal gates and arch, with the name SAINT CHRISTOPHERS CHAPEL outlined in large metal lettering, fronting a parking area off St Christopher&#39;s Chapel Road. Similar gates are located at the southern end of the site. The entrance path is lined by a number of commemorative plaques fixed to stone cairns, and garden beds with stone borders are located adjacent. The site also includes many trees scattered around the vicinity of the chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Christophers Chapel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Christopher&#39;s Chapel, erected in 1943, reflects the presence of American troops in Queensland during the Second World War. The area surrounding Rockhampton had sustained around 70 000 US soldiers who were fighting in the Pacific, and this non-denominational chapel was constructed to service the religious needs of those troops.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As the only structure of its kind in Queensland and Australia, the chapel is a rare and unique testament to the American presence throughout Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Christopher&#39;s Chapel is of aesthetic significance as a rustic open-air structure constructed of local natural materials, and the place makes a considerable aesthetic contribution to the surrounding landscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has special association with the American troops who used the chapel as a place of worship whilst resting or convalescing in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>The chapel has special association for the people of the surrounding communities as a local landmark and a place for worship and ceremony.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The chapel is also a rare surviving example of the presence of American servicemen during the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Raspberry Creek Homestead is a heritage-listed former homestead and now museum at 2312 Byfield Road, Byfield, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was built circa 1860s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Raspberry Creek homestead was built by James Hutton and Mary Hutton nee Cameron, pioneers of the Shoalwater Bay area in Central Queensland. Originally, a slab hut was constructed in the early 1860s and in ensuring years as the family grew, the homestead was extended. In 1965, the homestead was included in the area taken up as the Shoalwater Bay Training Area. In 1988 the Raspberry Creek Homestead was moved to its present location in the grounds of the Byfield Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>James Hutton was the son of William Hutton and Rose Ann Hutton nee Cleland. William was a farm labourer and native of Inch, County Down, Ireland, and Rose Ann was a farm servant and native of Killyleagh, County Down. William and Rose had ten children, all born in Ireland. The family migrated to Australia, departing from Greenock on 21 May 1841 on the ship Percy, arriving in Sydney on 28 August 1841. Mary Cameron was the daughter of John and Margaret Cameron of Fort William, Inverness, Scotland. John was a boat builder. He and Margaret had eight children, all born in Scotland. They migrated with six of their children on the ship Blonde, arriving 27 December 1849. Both the Camerons and the Huttons settled at or near Falconer Station, later Falconer Township, in the New England area of New South Wales. The families became close through intermarriage: James Hutton married Mary Cameron in 1852; Jemima Hutton married John Cameron in 1855; and Maxwell Hutton married Ellen Cameron in 1861.</p><br>
<p>Nine years after their marriage, James and Mary Hutton moved with their children to Central Queensland, taking up the Raspberry Creek run, north of Rockhampton, in 1863. The journey took six months and the family brought with them all their possessions, loaded on two buckboards driven by Mary and their seven year old son William, and some few hundred head of cattle. Family lore has it that James Hutton had previously visited the area with Robert Ross and his sons, James and John, who were also from the New England district. James Hutton and James Ross formed a partnership to acquire the Raspberry Creek Run. James Hutton then returned to New South Wales selling their property and organising the journey north to Central Queensland.</p><br>
<p>On arrival, the party went first to Cawarral, where Mary and the children remained until the first bark and slab huts were erected at Raspberry Creek. These huts were about three miles from the site finally selected and were later moved. The present homestead was built using pit-sawn timber for the walls and shingles for the roof.</p><br>
<p>By 1868, the partnership between Ross and Hutton had dissolved and the Huttons became the sole owners of Raspberry Creek. From 1869, following resumption and opening of the resumed land to selection, the Huttons took up further selections at Shoalwater and Banksia. When the family grew larger, weather boards for extensions were brought in by boat along Shoalwater Creek most stores were brought in by boat as it was easier than overlanding.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, the Huttons moved to Sydney where they stayed until Mary&#39;s death in 1896. James returned to Raspberry Creek and continued to run the station with his eldest son William until his death in 1898. William Hutton resided at Raspberry Creek Homestead until his retirement in 1911. During his time on Raspberry Creek, William, and his wife Rose, gained a reputation for their refined hospitality.</p><br>
<p>Raspberry Creek was sold to William Naughton in 1914 and passed out of the ownership of the Hutton Family. William Naughton divided and sold the property with Fred and William Flowers brothers applied for resumed portions and forming their stations. Raspberry Creek was bought by Tom Creed in 1939.</p><br>
<p>Under Commonwealth Acquisition 728, Raspberry Creek homestead become part of the Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area on 1 July 1965. Whilst included within the training area, Raspberry Creek homestead was not in permanent use, though it had been utilised as a base camp for reconnaissance parties and by the Federal Department of Construction employees working within the training area. From mid-1987, Raspberry Creek homestead was not utilised as a base camp.</p><br>
<p>Relocated from the Shoalwater Bay Training Area in 1988, with the aid of a Bicentennial grant, the Raspberry Creek Homestead is sited on a reserve for Cultural & Historical Purposes under the trusteeship of Livingstone Shire Council and leased by Byfield & District Historical Society Inc. The Society operates a museum and library in the former homestead.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Raspberry Creek Homestead is located in the grounds of the Byfield and District Historical Society, along Byfield Road.</p><br>
<p>The homestead comprises three sections which were originally attached. Since being moved to the society grounds, the original slab section has been detached. Some of the original material on the slab section of the homestead has been replaced, whilst in other sections the timber framework is exposed.</p><br>
<p>The two later extensions, located to the west of the slab section, remain attached. The larger of the two sections is constructed of timber on timber stumps with weatherboard cladding and has a verandah on three sides. The building has a corrugated iron roof. It is attached to the smaller extension on the north-east side. The smaller section is timber framed set on timber stumps, clad with weatherboards. A timber ramp is located on the south-eastern side of the larger, three roomed building where it joins with the smaller two- roomed section.</p><br>
<p>The homestead currently contains items that form part of the material collection of the Byfield and District Historical Society. A library is located in one of the rooms of the larger section.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Raspberry Creek Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Raspberry Creek Homestead is significant as a extant example of the type of early pioneer construction in the Shoalwater Bay area. With later extensions, Raspberry Creek Homestead provides evidence of the evolution of vernacular architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Raspberry Creek Homestead is valued by the community as demonstrated by the project to preserve it as an important part of the history of the area, and it is associated with the historical society whose focus it has been since the late 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Raspberry Creek Homestead is significant for its association with James and Mary Hutton, early pioneers in the Shoalwater Bay area.</p><br>
<p>Old Byfield Road is a heritage-listed road at Old Byfield Road, Byfield, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1860s to 1940s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The road leading to and from the ford at Byfield Creek was established in the 1860s when the district was occupied by pastoral interests. It was a section of the sole track from Maryvale Station north to Byfield Head Station, and continuing on to stations in the Shoalwater area. A specific date of construction for the stone-pitched ford across Byfield Creek on this road has not been established, but as the ford facilitated access to Byfield Head Station and to properties to the north and west of Byfield, it may date to the 1860s when Byfield Head Station was established on the northern bank of the creek opposite where the ford is now sited. The crossing is the only known surviving section of stone pitching along what was, from settlement in the 1860s to the 1930s, the only access route to stations directly north of Yeppoon.</p><br>
<p>Byfield (originally Bayfield) is an isolated district, sandwiched between the Byfield Range and the Capricorn Coast. Traditionally it was home to the Butcha-Bura people (meaning men of the Banksia or Honey Suckle Tree). The Butcha-Bura belonged to the Ningebul tribe, which in turn was part of the Darrambul Nation, and they lived within the Byfield district until the latter part of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The area was explored by Ludwig Leichhardt and Thomas Mitchell between 1844 and 1846 and provided the most manageable overland route to the grassy plains of Shoalwater and Broadsound to the north. Land management practices of the Butcha-Bura people contributed to the development of these plains, which later proved ideal for the grazing of sheep and cattle. Fire stick farming enticed wallabies and kangaroo to feed on sweet new growth of grass, making hunting practices easier and more predictable.</p><br>
<p>Broadsound and the Isaac River country were explored by William Landsborough and J McDonald between 1847 and 1858, for the purpose of marking out runs. On 10 January 1854 the New South Wales Government proclaimed the Port Curtis Pastoral District open to settlement under pastoral occupation license. Landsborough acquired the Shoalwater run for a short period before L Samuel won a tender for it in 1858. The run was renamed Raspberry Creek due to the abundance of native raspberry in the area.</p><br>
<p>The first wave of permanent non-indigenous settlers to the Byfield and Shoalwater districts commenced in the early 1860s, with the arrival of the Hutton, Ross, Atherton and Tucker families, mostly from the New England district of New South Wales. In February 1863 the Tucker family selected the Maryvale and Bayfield (later Byfield) runs. Robert Ross and James Hutton took over the Raspberry Creek license from Samuel in 1863, along with the leases of Shoalwater and Banksia Plain in the same year. Hutton later bought out Ross&#39; share in Raspberry Creek. The Ross family, with various financial partners, obtained much of the coastal country from the mouth of the Fitzroy River north to the peninsula at Shoalwater Bay. The Peninsula run was forfeited by Ross in 1864 and was successfully bid for at auction by Edward Hampton (Cranky) Baker. By 1865, Elliot of Tilpal had joined the Huttons, Newbold and "Cranky" Baker as being among the first to permanently settle to the north of Byfield Creek in the Shoalwater area.</p><br>
<p>In the 1860s the Byfield and Shoalwater districts were accessed via a single circuitous route from Rockhampton, by-passing the Berserker Range which lay between the coast and the Fitzroy River. Materials, livestock and other goods were transported to and from these remote northern properties via this route, which linked head station to head station, and crossed Byfield Creek near Byfield Head Station.</p><br>
<p>An October 1868 survey of Maryvale Run (survey plan P42.90) shows the "Road to Byfield" linking Maryvale and Byfield head stations. Byfield Head Station was located on the northern bank of Byfield Creek near the creek crossing.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1880s the Byfield district was surveyed into farm portions and opened for agricultural selection. Pastoral leases gave way to agriculture, encouraged by longer tenure and high yields from relatively small areas. An 1887 survey plan of the farm portions surrounding the Byfield Head Station block (portion 171, surveyed in 1870) shows the old route linking Byfield with stations to the north and west, circumventing the homestead block along its eastern and northern boundaries. In 1887 this route was surveyed officially as the main road to Raspberry Creek and Peninsula stations, and heading south to Maryvale, crossing Byfield Creek in the approximate location of the stone-pitched ford, although the ford itself is not indicated on the map. The section of this road which follows the eastern boundary of the Byfield homestead block is now known as Richters Road. A second track, marked as old postmans track&#39;, was also indicated on the 1887 survey plan. This track traversed the Byfield homestead block diagonally from northwest to southeast, meeting Byfield Creek at the approximate location of the stone-pitched ford and the road south to Maryvale, and joining the road to Raspberry Creek north of the Byfield Head Station block.</p><br>
<p>The influx of new settlers increased traffic over the old Byfield Road across Byfield Creek. They needed to bring goods in and out by wagon and required a reliable crossing for foot traffic, vehicles and animals. In 1888 a weekly mail service from Yeppoon to Raspberry Creek via Maryvale and Byfield commenced. The route was over 80 miles using two or three horses with pack saddles to carry mail and goods to be delivered. Jock Cowan continued this service to the residents of Byfield and Shoalwater for 40 years, using the Byfield Creek crossing to gain access to the northern route to Raspberry Creek via what is now Richters Road.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s the Sherriff brothers introduced motorised delivery vehicles on the mail route. Beginning with motor bikes and then a utility fitted out like a little shop, they sold cigarettes, chocolates and odds and ends to residents along with delivering the mail once a week on a Sunday, using the crossing to access northern properties.</p><br>
<p>Well into the 20th century, horses and cattle continued to be driven along the old Byfield Road into Yeppoon for the sales. The Huttons of Raspberry Creek and Shoalwater runs were prominent in the establishment of the pastoral industry in Central Queensland, and worked with the Flowers brothers of nearby Yandouble and Pine Mountain to establish a live cattle export from Port Clinton to New Caledonia. To get cattle to the Rockhampton market, the Huttons and other graziers would drive them along the Byfield Road, using the fording to cross Byfield Creek to reach Adelaide Park Road, which follows the Mount Hedlow route around the Berserker Range. The Huttons, as with many families in the region, also bred their own racehorses along with work and saddle horses. Horse breeders such as the Huttons and Geddes found there was more profit in selling horses to India as army remounts and polo ponies than selling cattle. To get these horses to markets, they either needed to be driven along the route that crossed Byfield Creek, or loaded onto ships at Port Clinton.</p><br>
<p>Country race meetings and other social events were held on the station runs between 1879 and 1909, attracting visitors to the Shoalwater district from as far afield as Mt Hedlow and The Oaks. These races were held under the banner of the Palmerston Amateur Turf Club, formed in 1879, and known as "The Raspberry Creek Races" although events were held at Banksia, The Oaks and Tooloombah as well as Raspberry Creek. Travel to and from the northern stations for these and other social engagements was only possible via the old Byfield Road and required traversing the Byfield Creek crossing either by buggy or on horseback.</p><br>
<p>Byfield district graziers and fruit-growers used the old road over Byfield Creek until a by-pass was opened in the early 1940s, in response to pressure from an increasing number of residents attracted to the area. A map of the area shows the development of the bypass as being nearly complete, but resumption of land through Lot 10 delayed completion of the road until the early 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The bypass, known as the Yeppoon-Byfield Road, gives access to the Byfield State School, Post Office and General Store and provides a comfortable journey for travellers between Yeppoon and properties north of Byfield Creek, with overpasses constructed over creeks and the roadway designed as a durable all-weather passage. This bypass circumvents the road leading to and around the boundary of Lot 171 and rejoins the original route at the northern intersection of Yaxley and Byfield Roads.</p><br>
<p>Although the Byfield Creek crossing on the old Byfield Road was cut off by the bypass, it remained in use as a short-cut for local property owners and council workers, being used by foot traffic, horseback riders, vehicles and heavy machinery, until very recent times. In an effort to stop vehicles using the crossing, the Livingstone Shire Council placed bollards across the old roadway, but these were removed shortly after by persons unknown and have not been replaced. By the early 21st century the old road south of the Byfield Creek crossing was overgrown, with re-growth vegetation, fallen trees and branches making it difficult for vehicles to access the crossing. The road following the eastern boundary of Lot 171 (Richters Road) is still in use, but no longer crosses Byfield Creek. It is unlikely that the stone-pitched crossing will return to regular local use.</p><br>
<p>Local interest in the stone-pitched crossing and the portion of the old road bounded by the Yeppoon-Byfield and Richters roads has remained strong, with the local Byfield State School using the area for Remnant Vegetation studies since the late 1990s. For descendants of the early pastoral and agricultural settlers still residing in the Byfield district, the stone-pitched crossing and road remains a tangible link with the past. Continued community involvement in the maintenance and conservation of the old road and ford resulted in its nomination to the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The portion of the old Byfield Road under consideration lies between the Yeppoon-Byfield Road and Richters Road, and is just under 450 metres in length. The road incorporates a stone-pitched crossing over Byfield Creek at its northern end.</p><br>
<p>The stone-pitched ford crosses Byfield Creek in a north-south direction at a bearing of 20?. It has a rectangular frame of timber sleepers fitted together and secured by bolts, presumably iron coach bolts, and filled with stone pitching to create a causeway across the creek.</p><br>
<p>The exposed fording is 4.8 metres wide by 9.4 metres in length. The average dimensions of the framework logs are: western log 40 cm diameter; eastern log 30 cm diameter; southern log 24 cm diameter; and northern log 15 cm diameter.</p><br>
<p>The stone pitching extends into the northern embankment past the water-mark. Within the crossing some stones have become loose and dislodged from their positions, which may be a result of natural erosion (scouring), or from motor-vehicles. Some subsidence has occurred, with the level of some stones lower in position compared to others, and cracking of some stones is evident. The predominant area of weathering and subsidence occurs in the middle of the ford, where water appears to be permanent to semi-permanent. This part of the ford is the most vulnerable to erosion associated with high water velocity during flooding.</p><br>
<p>A natural sand deposit on the southern bank of the creek is encroaching onto the crossing, and plant shoots are growing between the stone pitching. The log at the southern aspect is exposed for only a small portion, less than 50 cm, the remainder being covered by encroaching sand deposits, up to an approximate depth of 20 cm. Sediment deposits currently extend to approximately 4.6m from the point of the southern sleeper into the fording.</p><br>
<p>At the south-west cross-section, an exposed bolt is located in the middle of the southern log, approximately 12 cm from its upper edge. Exposed height of the bolt is approximately 9 cm and it appears to be an iron coach bolt.</p><br>
<p>In the south-west corner, the log appears to extend into the creek bank and is covered by sediments, indicating a continuation of the fording. Combined with the presence of sandy loam sediments extending approx 12 to 13 metres further south up the embankment, the apparent extension of the log may indicate the fording extends further into the southern bank than what is currently exposed.</p><br>
<p>From the crossing, the southern section of the old stock route extends approximately 420 metres to the Yeppoon-Byfield Road. There is a large sandy deposit extending 12m to 13m up the bank from the creek, which appears to have been washed downslope from loose deposits. Above the sand-bank, the roadway is composed of clay and stone which rises for several metres before levelling out, with the soil changing to a loamy composition. Native trees, ferns and palms grow thickly along the embankment and creek bank.</p><br>
<p>Continuing towards the Yeppoon-Byfield Road, the path is covered with ground vegetation, leaf litter, including pine needles and fallen branches mixed with loose sand and soil. Towards the intersection with the Yeppoon-Byfield Road, a culvert has been created for draining water away from the road. Ground vegetation, mainly grasses and some saplings, provides a masking effect along the side of the Yeppoon- Byfield Road, making the entrance to the old road easy to overlook when driving past.</p><br>
<p>The northern section of the old road extends approximately 20 metres from the northern bank of Byfield Creek along what is now part of Richters Road reserve. There is no sand deposit, with the embankment composed of a clay-based soil. There is thick ground-cover vegetation to either side of the path leading up the embankment and onto Richters Road, which is predominately blady grass. This ground-cover hides the entrance to the old road from Richters Road. Native trees, ferns and palms grow along either side of the pathway on the embankment down to the creek.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Old Byfield Road was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Old Byfield Road was in use from the 1860s and is important in illustrating the pattern of non-indigenous settlement in the Byfield, Shoalwater and Broadsound districts of central Queensland. The old road was the only access route to stations north and west of Byfield until the early 1940s, and was important in the establishment of the cattle and later fruit growing industries of the Capricorn Coast. The stone-pitched crossing which fords Byfield Creek along this route may date to the 1860s, and is integral to our understanding of the function of this road as a principal access route.</p><br>
<p>This crossing was the only made access to the northern end of Byfield and outlying properties until the final section of the Yeppoon-Byfield Road was opened to traffic in the early 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant as the only remaining unmodified section of the original road through Byfield to and from properties in Shoalwater and Broadsound. The stone-pitched crossing is important in demonstrating a method of constructing fords which is no longer practiced, and is of particular interest as the only remaining stone-pitched crossing in the Byfield area in an unmodified condition.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The stone-pitched crossing is important in demonstrating a method of constructing fords which is no longer practiced, and is of particular interest as the only remaining stone-pitched crossing in the Byfield area in an unmodified condition.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place is valued by the Byfield community for its historical and educational associations. The crossing and early road has special association for the local community with the work of early settlers and postal workers, and is valued for its important role in early transport and communication in an otherwise isolated district. The place is also valued by the community for its remnant native vegetation.</p><br>
<p>Bell Park is a heritage-listed park at Hill Street, Emu Park, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1910s to 1940s. It is also known as Botanic Gardens Reserve. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bell Park was gazetted in 1899 as a Reserve for Botanic Gardens and Public Reserve, following an earlier gazettal in 1892 as a Reserve for Public Purposes. Following developments, particularly in the early 1910s with the establishment of pathways and seating by the Emu Park Ladies Improvement League, the Reserve became a popular venue. The popularity of the park was re-established during the 1940s when large company picnics were held there. Bell Park is still very much valued by the community and continues to be a focal point as a recreational destination for residents and visitors.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, residents of Rockhampton signed a petition asking the Surveyor-General to mark out a town at the nearest point on the central Queensland coast where they might be able to enjoy a day at the beach. The place selected was on the Cawarral cattle run, owned by Messrs Ross, Beddome and Palmer. By 9 January 1869, a proclamation appeared in the Queensland Government Gazette declaring Emu Park a Town Reserve.</p><br>
<p>One of the more important aspects of Emu Parks development occurred with the establishment of the Emu Park railway line from Rockhampton in 1888. The survey for the line was begun in 1885, and on 30 September of that year, Parliament approved a direct line via Lakes Creek. To save the expense of bridging the Fitzroy River, the line started from North Rockhampton, and as a result of this, was to be the creation of two separate railway systems for Rockhampton, similar to Bundaberg. The original survey by Robert Ballard called for a line traversing a mangrove swamp for a distance of six miles (eleven kilometres) for the run into Emu Park. The permanent survey for the line however showed that the Ballard route was situated below the high water mark. A cheaper (but longer) route was adopted instead. Fountain Brothers were awarded the contract on 27 October 1886. Heavy rain interrupted construction, however the line was opened on 22 December 1888, in time for the Christmas period. During its history, sometimes as many as five trains, with up to 13 carriages each, were handled by the turntable at the Emu Park railway station, especially on picnic days.</p><br>
<p>Whilst the Rockhampton to Emu Park line was predominantly a recreational line, within twenty years of its proclamation, Emu Park, with only a small local population and dependent on Rockhampton for support and assistance in almost every aspect of its development, had a railway line, new school, boarding houses and hotels to cater for visitors as well as other service facilities. Most significant however, were the number of private holiday homes being established in the town</p><br>
<p>Emu Park was made even more accessible when, in late 1899, the Rockhampton Junction Railway was completed, connecting Rockhampton railway station to North Rockhampton railway stations. As a result, people further afield, including Mount Morgan residents, could enjoy a break at the beach. From the outset, two trains ran each way daily including Sundays and three on Saturdays.</p><br>
<p>As the town of Emu Park developed, the Emu Park Progress Association, sought to preserve an area facing Fisherman&#39;s Beach close to the town. It was an area of greenery, that was considered to be unique in the area. Correspondence of 9 December 1889 requesting the improvement and proclamation of the area as a Park reserve was sent from the Gogango Divisional Board to the Under Secretary for Lands in Brisbane. This request, was initially rejected, but was however, successful later, when in 1892, an area was set aside as a Reserve for Public Purposes. The same area was re-established, in 1899, as a Reserve for Botanic Gardens and Public Purposes. This area was later to be renamed Bell Park.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the Botanic Gardens Reserve included an area of around 40 acres from Hill to Pybus Streets and from the coast to the railway yards. The gazettal was sought to preserve the "natural" garden space rather than any intention to create a formal botanic garden. Located on the sea front, the Botanic Gardens was considered to be an oasis of beauty and recreation for families and visitors, in the middle of the original Emu Park township. In 1906, the Livingstone Shire Council requested the Deeds of the Botanic Gardens Reserve and the adjacent Fishermen&#39;s Reserve. This was granted and gazetted on 16 May 1908.</p><br>
<p>Whilst it was gazetted as a Reserve by 1892, the Botanic Gardens Reserve did not become easily accessible to the public until the early 1910s. By 1915, souvenir pamphlets on Emu Park advertised the assets that was the Botanic Gardens Reserve. At this point, Reserve was still predominantly dense brush and was described as breaking the "unvarying sweep of the shore." Also by this time, the care and maintenance of the Reserve was being undertaken by the Emu Park Ladies&#39; Improvement League, headed by the President, Mrs Emily Jane Bell.</p><br>
<p>The League had a small fund to carry out works such as the opening up of pathways and the provision of seats and tables. By, the timber rotundas had been constructed in the Park. It was suggested at the time that, whatever is done in the direction of upkeep and maintenance should be done carefully and that the all too common error of opening up straight tracks of any sort to the beach, should be "most carefully avoided." The Botanic Gardens was renamed Bell Park in 1934, in recognition of Mrs Emily Jane Bell and her late husbane Mr William Irving Bell and their role in organising the opening up and maintenance of the park.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 1940s, the days of large, company and community picnics had become well established. The annual picnics of the Central Queensland Meat Export Company at Lakes Creek and the Railways Department at Rockhampton, developed into huge proportions. The Mount Morgan community, particularly those associated with the mine also showed much support for Emu Park as it was the only resort on the coast that was easily accessible by train.</p><br>
<p>Earlier in Emu Park&#39;s history, Mount Morgan Limited had arranged for picnics for employees, however these ceased after 1927. By 1949, when a social club run by employees was established, picnics of the mine employees continued once again. The social club developed its annual picnic at Bell Park, often with 3000 or more people attending. An advance party of four would arrive at Emu Park three days before to prepare the ground and other necessary arrangements for marquees, races and catering. On the day of the picnic, which was generally near the May Day weekend, the first train left Mount Morgan at dawn, with the last train returning by midnight.</p><br>
<p>A section of Bell Park with a long, grassed area is suggested to be the area where races were held. The races were called by a person located in a nearby timber tower.</p><br>
<p>On 3 August 1950, the Botanic Gardens proclamation was rescinded in favour of a Park and Recreation Reserve (R666) and a Camping and Recreation Reserve in two parts (R665 - which now comprises Lots 31 and 92). A caravan park is now established on Lot 31 and controlled by Livingstone Shire Council as is a swimming pool complex.</p><br>
<p>Recently in a study on open spaces and recreation areas in the Livingstone Shire, it was recommended that areas of cultural significance and high scenic value be protected. As one of the most popular parks in the Livingstone Shire, Bell Park is included in this study.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Botanic Garden remnant known as Bell Park consists of Park and Recreation Reserve. The Park is an area of 11 hectares bounded on the south by Hill Street, to the west by the caravan park and swimming complex, to the north by Lions Park and to the east by the Pacific Ocean. No longer a densely vegetated area as it was described in the 1890s, Bell Park has large, open, grassed areas with some more formally planted rows of hoop pines, particularly in the southern section of the park.</p><br>
<p>Access to Bell Park is from Hill Street with low timber fencing marking the car park area from the remainder of the park. Bell Park contains a range of mature pines on the eastern border and open grassed areas. Other areas of mature vegetation include hoop pines along the Hill Street entrance to the park; pines and coconut palms in the south-west corner; along the western boundary near the caravan park and particularly, in the northern end of the park, an area that generally, has less infrastructure than the remainder of the reserve.</p><br>
<p>Structures within Bell Park include a timber tower thought to be a judges box/starters box, near this structure is a large, open grassed area said to be a runners track; two timber rotundas, one constructed with tree trunks for uprights, while the second rotunda has uprights made from sawn timber. A timber stall is located to the north of the timber tower and located near this stall is a large, mature ficus sp.</p><br>
<p>Bell Park has other facilities available including toilets, play equipment, footbridges and concrete pathways for pedestrian access. A brick stage with a concreted area is also located in the park.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bell Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bell Park is significant for its continued use as a cultural and recreational destination at Emu Park, which was established as a resort town for the people of Rockhampton and surrounding areas in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Further, the judges box and the associated running track are particularly significant for their rarity.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>With its mature vegetation and landscaped areas, built structures including timber rotundas and judges box, and its sweeping easterly views toward the Pacific Ocean, Bell Park is significant for its visual amenity and for the contribution it makes to the Emu Park townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Bell Park is especially important for its strong social significance. For over 100 years, the area has held a special association with the people of Emu Park and surrounding area, with the community actively involved in the gazettal of the original densely vegetated area in the early 1890s, through to the activities of the Emu Park Progress Association and Emu Park Ladies Improvement League and later, when large company and community picnics were held in the grounds of the park. Bell Park is generally held in high regard by the community and is a popular place for visitors to Emu Park.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel OConnell House is a historic house located at 115 North Union Street in Vermont, Illinois. Daniel OConnell, a local banker and lumber salesman, had the house built in 1928. The house, which was built by contractor Fred Rankin, has an American Foursquare plan with American Craftsman elements. The Foursquare plan, which had become popular at the time for its simplicity, is reflected in the house&#39;s square shape and massiveness. The brick piers at the entrance and the horizontal emphasis of the exterior design both reflect the Craftsman style; the style also inspired several interior elements, such as seating and shelves, which are built into the home.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Leeke Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Great Keppel Island, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Leeke Homestead, constructed c.1922-24 is a basic, timber and corrugated iron residence located on Great Keppel Island, near Yeppoon. The house was the home of Lizzie Leeke (formerly ONeill) who lived on the island from 1922 until 1945. She originally moved to Great Keppel from Gladstone with her husband Michael ONeill and they depastured sheep on the island from 1918 when they purchased the pastoral lease on the island. The O&#39;Neills were by no means pioneers of the island, Great Keppel had been occupied by Europeans for over fifty years by the time they took up the lease. In these fifty years, dramatic and tragic events had already occurred in order to enable white occupation of the islands.</p><br>
<p>Captaion James Cook sailed into Keppel Bay in 1770 and named the bay and islands after his superior in England, Rear Admiral Augustus Keppel. There were subsequent visits by other exploratory parties, however, white exploitation of Great Keppel Island began in earnest in 1866. Prominent Central Queensland squatter, Robert Ross, obtained leases over both Great Keppel and North Keppel Islands "from year to year and not exceeding five years" in partnership with C.E Beddome and Sir Arthur Palmer (MLA for Port Curtis, 1866–78 and Minister for Lands 1866-69). Over the next year, Ross began to "prepare" the island as a cattle property by driving 84 indigenous people into a cave and murdering them. In 1882, Ross acquired secure tenure for Great Keppel Island through land dummying, and depastured 4000 sheep on the island.</p><br>
<p>W. T Wyndham became stockkeeper for Ross and declared himself the first European to live permanently on the island. Despite his association with Ross, who was justifiably feared by the Aborigines, Wyndham was able to establish a good relationship with the Keppel Islanders. He had previously worked for Dr Walter Roth, the Northern Protector of Aborigines and had lived previously with Aboriginal people in New South Wales. Wyndham was a remarkable man who went on to make his home at Boyne Island, near Gladstone. He spoke a number of Aboriginal languages and recorded much valuable anthropological data in his diaries. On the island, Mount Wyndham and Wyndham Cove are named for him, his grave on Boyne Island, near Gladstone, is entered in the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<p>In September 1883, Ross came across to Great Keppel and kidnapped seven men and twenty three women and children by luring them onto a boat with the promise of food. Wyndham resigned and told the story to the "Queensland Figaro" which ran the story titled, "Kidnapping Keppel Island Blacks." A public battle of claims and counter-claims followed. Years later, Dr W Roth, using Wyndham&#39;s diaries and his own observations, stated that "human lives were sacrificed for sheep."</p><br>
<p>Ross died in 1893 and his family nearly lost control of the islands until his brother Colin re-acquired the lease. James Lucas came to the island with his family and took up as stockkeeper, soon acquiring a reputation for cruelty and maltreatment of the remaining Keppel Islanders. By this time, the run had a two-roomed weatherboard house, a small shearing shed and several small fenced sheepyards. This house is not the Leeke Homestead and was located closer to the creek. The shearing shed, however, was subsequently used by Lizzie. By 1902, Archibald Meston, the Southern Protector of Aborigines had removed the remaining Keppel Islanders to government reserves, including the one at Fraser Island.</p><br>
<p>Lucas, who had acquired the leases from the Ross family, forfeited them in 1903. For many years after the removal of the Aborigines, the Keppel Islands attracted little interest. They were used mainly by boating parties and although several leases were issued, no stock was depastured and nor did anyone live on the island before the 1920s. The grazing lease for Great Keppel, covering almost the entire island was transferred to Michael ONeill in 1918. ONeill, who had several farm properties near Gladstone, unsuccessfully sought a more secure tenure than occupation licence through the support of George Carter, MLA for Port Curtis. ONeill had depastured 1500 merino sheep upon taking up the lease and he and Lizzie moved to the island to live permanently in 1922; however, ONeill died soon after in early 1923. Lizzie stayed on and "remained as a resolute and colourful character on the island for twenty-three years."</p><br>
<p>In October 1924, she married Ralph Leeke, a young fisherman from Keppel Sands. Lizzie continued to run sheep on the island and Ralph worked as a fisherman - they were considered an eccentric couple, not least because Lizzie was about 17 years older than Ralph. There is uncertainty about whether it was Leeke or ONeill who built the homestead. Accounts from the Leeke family claim that Ralph took a barge to his home in Keppel Sands, dismantled the house and shipped it back to the island. He landed at the shearing shed and carried the material up the hill and re-built the house. The shearing shed remained from previous lease-holders, however, a new site was chosen for the homestead. Other accounts claim that O Neill built the homestead before he died.</p><br>
<p>Bill Leeke, Ralphs nephew, spent many holidays on the island in the 1920s and 30s. He remembered the homestead thus:I slept on the verandah of the Homestead on a stretcher bed. The bed had a spread made of possum skins lined with a cloth material. It crackled a bit when you sat on it. Possums were declared a pest and the Government paid a shilling a skin. The floor of the house was littered with possum skin rugs. The windows in the front of the house looking onto the verandah had curtains and the doorways had hanging screens made from reeds that grew in the salt pan and along the creek. There was a small parlour with lace cloths on occasional tables with pieces of coral and rare shells. The kitchen was at the back of the house and that is where we ate. Although the house was built of corrugated iron it had a womans touch and always seemed cool and homely to me.In 1933 Ralph left Lizzie and the island and Lizzie was left by herself to run the stock. The mid 1930s saw the beginning of a greater public use of the island, Fisherman&#39;s Beach was regularly being used by people as a camping area for various lengths of time. With the increase in the number of visitors to the island, stories of Lizzie and her life on the island became more common. Comments were often made of the physical and mental toughness of the woman to be able to not only survive on the island, but to also run the sheep successfully. Apart from shearing time when a shearer and wool classer would come to the island, the only help she had was from her two dogs.</p><br>
<p>Lizzie sold the lease in 1945 and died on the mainland a few years later. The lease passed through several hands and it appears that the homestead was never lived in permanently again as consequent lease holders built other houses on the island. In 1971, the grazing lease and the homestead were sold to the resort management at the time. The resort management retain tenure of the property. The shearing shed has been re-built and the homestead has been repaired and partly furnished and interpreted as Lizzie&#39;s home. Visits to the homestead are offered as an activity for guests at the resort.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Leeke Homestead is located on Great Keppel Island, east of Yeppoon. The Homestead is on the northern side of the island on a hillside overlooking tidal mangrove plains and Leeke&#39;s Beach beyond. The homestead is accessible by 4wd vehicle or walking. A simple timberlog fence defines the boundary around the homestead paddock. The house is sheltered by large spreading fig trees with several large, weatherbeaten Hoop Pines and Date Palms scattered throughout the yard. A number of recent, ancillary buildings are also located within this paddock.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is a simple square plan building with a pyramidal roof form without eaves. it is elevated on short timber stumps. Both the walls and roof are clad with corrugated iron, with some sections of weatherboards including those lining a small verandah on the north- west side of the house. This verandah has cross-braced balustrades, effectively the only external "decoration" on the house.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the house has six rooms. Floors throughout are wide boards of rough-sawn timber and walls and ceilings are lined with painted plywood with coverstrips. The former kitchen is located on the eastern side of the building with a large stove recess that used to accommodate a wood stove. The recess is clad externally with corrugated iron and has a galvanised steel flue. A recent kitchen and bathroom has been fitted in a small room in the north-east corner off the kitchen, that was previously a small bedroom (where Bill Leeke used to sleep as a boy). The largest interior space is the living room which is now furnished with a few pieces of period furniture and has framed family pictures on the walls. A small store room is located on the southern side of the living space, adjacent to the large bedroom. The largest bedroom is L-shaped in plan and has vinyl floor sheeting. The only internal doors are to the store room and bedroom. Windows throughout the house are double-hung, unpainted timber sashes.</p><br>
<p>The woolshed is constructed on the tidal plain. It has been recently re-built and has a concrete slab floor, structural timber frame and galvanised steel cladding.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Leeke Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Leeke Homestead is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, being a representation of the development of Great Keppel Island. The Homestead is a part of the story of attempts to establish viable pastoral operations on the island through the violent displacement of the indigenous population. The Homestead is the only remaining physical link between the 4000 years of Woppaburra occupation and the tourist development that now dominates the island. Leeke Homestead illustrates the tenacity and determination of Lizzie Leeke in staying on the island for so long, tolerating isolation and flouting social convention in order to live the independent life of her choosing.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Leeke Homestead demonstrates the principal characteristics of an isolated island residence. Built by the owner, at a time when the transport of materials was difficult and skilled labour was unavailable, Leeke Homestead is distinctive as an example of the kinds of dwellings erected under such circumstances in remote locations along the Queensland coast.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Leeke Homestead is of aesthetic significance, due to its setting among Hoop Pines and fig trees on a high point of the island. The simple design and rudimentary construction techniques contribute to its aesthetic qualities and assist in the integration of the house in the landscape.</p><br>
<p>Joskeleigh Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Joskeleigh Road, Joskeleigh, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1890s to 1900s. It is also known as Sandhills Historical South Sea Islander Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The use of the area that became the Joskeleigh Cemetery was established on privately owned land at Sandhills/Joskeleigh by the late 1890s/early 1900s by the local South Sea Islander community. By 1983 there were fifth-generation descendants of the original cane workers brought to the Rockhampton district in the late 19th century living in the Joskeleigh area.</p><br>
<p>In the period 1863–1904, South Sea Islanders were the principal labour force in Queensland&#39;s sugar industry, and until about 1880 also worked in the pastoral and maritime industries. Approximately 50,000 Islanders took up indentures to work in Queensland in this period, many signing up more than once. Following federation of the Australian colonies in 1901 and the resultant triumph of the "White Australia" movement, the new Australian Government passed the Pacific Island Labourers Act of 1901, which proclaimed that the recruiting of South Sea Islands labour was to cease from 1904 and that as many Islanders as possible were to be repatriated by 1907. Between 1904 and 1908, 7,068 Islanders were repatriated and another 194 were deported in 1914. However, between 2,000 and 2,500 Islanders were exempt from repatriation and acquired Australian citizenship. In the late 1990s their descendants number around 15,000.</p><br>
<p>In Queensland, Islanders were introduced firstly as labour in the cotton industry and on pastoral properties, and later to work on the sugar plantations along the coast. Clearing the land before planting the sugar cane. In the Rockhampton area, extensive sugar plantations were established in the Yeppoon, Farnborough, Cawarral, and Joskeleigh districts. Sugar was first tried at the Sand hills by Mr Joske (after whom Joskeleigh is named) but the land was too arid. The Yeppoon Sugar Plantation employed up to 180 South Sea Islander workers, both men and women.</p><br>
<p>When forcible repatriation of Islanders was introduced by the Commonwealth Government in the early 1900s, the Islander population around Rockhampton comprised 79 island born, 47 Queensland born, and 8 married women not liable to deportation. No children were to be sent back, and of the island born all but 23 had lived in Queensland for more than 20 years and so could claim exemption from deportation. Of these 23, five were married to women who did not come from their own island, and so were permitted to remain, and the other 18 were able to stay because they were mostly earning their own living on land they either owned or leased.</p><br>
<p>The majority of Islanders who chose to stay in Central Queensland settled in the Keppel Sands (originally Sandhills) area at Joskeleigh, which has a beach frontage of several kilometres and is the nearest ocean beach to Rockhampton. By 1914 the population was estimated at 200. The Joskeleigh School was established in 1915, and by the 1930s the population had peaked at around 250-300. The community estimates that the Islander population had a 10% intermarriage rate with an Aboriginal tribe which lived in the area until the 1930s, when the last of these Indigenous people were forcibly removed to reserves.</p><br>
<p>The Islander community first rented land from Bill Cuff, the Sandhills storekeeper, for a nominal 2/6 per year, and on this they built thatched huts of blady grass in the traditional manner, with Tea Tree Bark and traditionally made rope from the wild hibiscus bark. The Islanders soon became self-sufficient by growing crops and market gardens to provide food and an income for their familles. Their families grew up there and soon began buying their own blocks of land south of Mr Cuff&#39;s who first invited the South Sea Islanders to the Sandhills. He originally worked at the Yeppoon Sugar Plantation Sugar Mill at Farnborough. When the mill ceased to operate in 1904 he invited some of the Islanders who worked on the plantation to work for him on his newly purchased acreage. Another land owner, Alexander Charles Huth sold them some of his land. They worked for him in his gardens and with their earnings paid for their land.</p><br>
<p>Traditional skills in fishing, net-making, medicine, horticulture and building continued to be practised and even taught in the local school, and this was a rich source of cultural pride and community cohesion. Between 1901 and 1914 the Islanders accepted Christianity, taught by Gospel hall missionaries from Rockhampton, but retained many of their island religious customs and spiritual beliefs.</p><br>
<p>When someone died, a wake was held and in days gone by this celebration lasted for three days with a huge feast prepared and cooked island style. It was a happy time and celebrated that the spirit of the deceased had gone to a happier place. Inexpensive use of glass ornamentation, and shells around the graves, were used to decorate the graves. Shells were used quite often to decorate not only the graves, but also their garden beds. Glass ornamentation was used as the families could often not afford anything else.</p><br>
<p>The Joskeleigh Cemetery is associated mostly with the first generation of Australian Islanders who resided at Sandhills. Twenty-two men, women and children are buried there, almost all Islanders except for one English women who had married into the community. Oral history suggests that there are other unmarked graves outside the boundaries of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The burial ground, established on about a quarter of an acre of a 100-acre freehold at Sandhills, appears to have been abandoned when the Islander community took up their own land south of Sandhills. By the early 1980s the cemetery had been badly damaged by farm machinery. Twenty of the graves had been bulldozed; headstones were broken and picket fences had been burnt to clear some of the area. This caused considerable distress amongst Joskeleigh residents whose relatives were buried there. In response, the local Islander community, led by Mrs Mabel Edmund, encouraged the National Trust to list the site in 1981 and formed the Joskeleigh Historical and Progress Association in 1983 to preserve the place.</p><br>
<p>Fund raising commenced and negotiations with the then landholder were undertaken in order to purchase the area of land where the graves were located. These discussions were unsuccessful and the Association, led by Mrs Edmund, lobbied the Queensland Government to resume the burial ground and officially declare it a reserve for cemetery purposes. This was achieved in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The State Government bought a quarter acre of land surrounding most of the graves to preserve the area as an historical site. The land was held in trust by the Joskeleigh Historical Society, however in recent times this has been handed over to the Livingstone Shire Council. The community also maintains the grounds. Little restoration work was undertaken until 1991, when graves were marked; headstones re-erected where possible; a stone monument was erected with a plaque which bears the names of all those buried in the cemetery; a fence and gates were constructed and a sign painted.</p><br>
<p>The most recent burial in the Joskeleigh Cemetery was Mrs Evelyn Warcon in 2001. The Joskeleigh Cemetery has become an important and attractive part of the landscape and a source of pride to the community and a permanent reminder of South Sea Islander heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The South Sea Islander village of Joskeleigh is located 40 kilometres from Rockhampton, on the coast.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery site comprised approximately a quarter of an acre and was originally part of a 100-acre freehold block. It is bounded on the north by Joskeleigh Road and to the south, west and east by freehold property on which is located mature vegetation, including mango and pine trees. All headstones within the cemetery face easterly.</p><br>
<p>The plaque bearing the names of those buried there is mounted on a large memorial stone. Oral history suggests that some Islanders are buried outside the present cemetery boundaries.</p><br>
<p>Glass ornamentation and shells surround most the graves. Shells were used quite often to decorate not only the graves, but also garden beds. Some graves are marked with timber crucifixes. There are a number of marble headstones, one of which has a metal grave surround.</p><br>
<p>A timber rotunda is located with the cemetery. The cemetery is surrounded by a timber fence with access via Joskeleigh Road.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Joskeleigh Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Joskeleigh Cemetery is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as evidence of the development of Joskeleigh and surrounding area as a settlement predominantly of South Sea Islander people, who owned or leased land, farmed it, and lived in the area since the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>A well-known landmark, Joskeleigh Cemetery, with its grave surrounds, markers and headstones, set in a tended lawn, with the surrounding area bounded by mature vegetation, particularly mango and pine trees, is significant for its aesthetic appeal.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Joskeleigh Cemetery is comparatively rare in Queensland, as the final resting place for, predominantly, South Sea Islander people.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Joskeleigh Cemetery illustrates some of the principal characteristics of a small burial ground, including a lack of denominational divisions and locally connected interments.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Joskeleigh Cemetery is especially important for its strong social significance and for the association it holds for descendants of the early South Sea Islander families of Joskeleigh and surrounding area with their heritage and the experiences of their ancestors in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Emmor McCormick House is a historic house located at 712 West 3rd Street in Vermont, Illinois. Contractor Daniel S. Frazier built the house in 1900 for farmer Charles Emmor McCormick and his family. The house has a Gable Front plan, a common inexpensive home plan at the time which was characterized by its front-facing gable. The Gable Front plan allowed for a variety of floor plans and decorative styles; the McCormick house has an irregular plan and is two rooms wide on its main story. The house&#39;s ornamentation is inspired by the Queen Anne style and includes a smaller gable in front of the main front gable and a front porch supported by turned columns and adorned with spindle-work.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Yeppoon railway station is a heritage-listed railway station at James Street, Yeppoon, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 April 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1867, residents of Rockhampton signed a petition asking the Surveyor-General to mark out a town at the nearest point on the central Queensland coast where they might be able to enjoy a day at the beach. Although Yeppoon, then known as "Bald Hills", was proclaimed as a Town Reserve, as a watering place for Rockhampton on 30 April 1868, for many years access to it was difficult, the first road with culverts being built in 1878. It suffered in its rivalry with Emu Park (declared a Town Reserve on 9 January 1869), where land was taken up by influential Rockhampton businessmen and squatters from further west who built holiday houses there. These two resort towns were among the first in Queensland and the first on the Great Barrier Reef lagoon.</p><br>
<p>Pastoralists and selectors were the first to settle and develop the Yeppoon area. The first land sale was held on 4 August 1873 when P. F. McDonald, the pastoralist and investor bought 15 of the 17 blocks sold, and local selectors two. Yeppoon town site lay in a hollow between steep hills, below the line of dunes, and in wet weather it was swampy. The only large enterprise was the Yeppoon Sugar Plantation, which in its twenty years of existence was handicapped by the lack of roads and rail. Yeppoon with a higher rainfall than Rockhampton or Emu Park, and fertile soil, became an agricultural area with land near the town occupied by selectors within 10 years of its proclamation and surrounding areas being used for grazing.</p><br>
<p>The beginning of the 1880s brought changes to the district as people began to take more of an interest in the town. Between 1881 and 1884, it was predominantly residents of the area who purchased the remaining 30 town lots. These lots had not sold at the first land sales in 1873. When an additional town area was surveyed in 1881, however, these lots had all sold out by 1885.</p><br>
<p>The first length of rail line in the region was opened to Westwood some thirty miles (fifty kilometres) from Rockhampton in 1867. The line was extended beyond the coastal ranges in 1872, reaching Emerald in 1879. The Central Western railway was progressively extended further west reaching Longreach in 1892, and remained an isolated railway system, with no connection to railways in southern Queensland railways until 1903 when the North Coast railway line connected them.</p><br>
<p>In Brisbane a railway line to Sandgate was completed in May 1882, later extended to Shorncliffe, giving residents access to the beach. It is one of the few surviving seaside stations; others including Pialba, Urangan, Cleveland, Southport, Tweed Heads and Coolangatta have been demolished.</p><br>
<p>Following this southern success, the Rockhampton owners of holiday houses at Emu Park also wanted a railway. Their petitions were successful and a railway line was constructed from North Rockhampton railway station to Emu Park was approved in 1885 and opened in December 1888. Because of the cost of building a railway bridge across the Fitzroy River, the railway to Emu Park commenced at North Rockhampton and did not extend to the main Rockhampton railway station; thus it too was a disconnnected railway line. In addition to seaside passengers, the railway also served the Lakes Creek Meatworks and gold mining at Cawarral and New Zealand Gully. It ensured that Emu Park gained the holiday traffic, and the township grew rapidly. In 1899, the Rockhampton Junction railway line would connect the Emu Park railway line to the Archer Park railway station (now the Archer Park Rail Museum) on the south side of the Fitzroy River via the Alexandra Railway Bridge.</p><br>
<p>Yeppoon residents and the Sugar Plantation agitated for an extension to Yeppoon, for without it rail travellers continued to take the train to Tanby, then coach to Yeppoon. In 1890 a survey for a rail corridor to Yeppoon was undertaken and a second in 1900. The extension to Yeppoon was approved, and the first section of five kilometres from Sleipner (New Zealand Gully) to Mount Chalmers was opened in November 1908 to transport workers, supplies and metal. The next 27 kilometres to Yeppoon was opened on 20 December 1909, in time for the Christmas traffic. The official opening was by the Queensland Governor, Sir William MacGregor on 21 January 1910.</p><br>
<p>The passenger station, engine shed and a carriage shed were built in 1909. A parcels and luggage room were added in 1910. By 1943 the complex included a goods shed, station masters house, guards quarters, drivers&#39; quarters, forkline and loading ramp. The goods shed was relocated within the railyard in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Tourist services to Yeppoon and Emu Park departed from the passenger-only Archer Park railway station in Rockhampton. Also serving other passenger services to Mount Morgan, St Lawrence and Mackay, the station closed in February 1970.</p><br>
<p>On the first Rockhampton-Yeppoon train 128 passengers travelled, paying three shillings and ten pence for a second-class fare. On Boxing Day 1910, 700 people attended the traditional races on Yeppoon Beach. Large group picnics brought full trains to Yeppoon on weekends. An exceptionally large one was a Railway workers&#39; picnic on the beach in 1924 which 3,500 people attended. The railway with fares much cheaper than the coach, opened Yeppoon to all classes and brought rapid progress. Betty Cosgrove has written: "very few working class people went to Yeppoon until the 20th century", but it became more popular than Emu Park with an ambience more tolerant and welcoming. The train to Yeppoon became the predominant means of travel to Yeppoon until after World War 2.</p><br>
<p>The siting of Yeppoon railway station one kilometre from the beach was not for the convenience of holiday makers, but for freight handling. On flat land on the edge of the town it allowed the loading of produce including cattle which could be yarded on the western end of the complex. Its position did not deter residents and visitors from "meeting the train", a practice continued from that of meeting the coach from Rockhampton. Passengers were the interest, and people "dressed" for the train&#39;s arrival.</p><br>
<p>Pineapples became a major crop in the district and the main freight carried. In 1953 a cannery opened at Koongal, Rockhampton, to which pineapples were railed. When it closed pineapples were railed to the cannery at Northgate in wagons adapted for bulk transport.</p><br>
<p>Boarding schools for girls were opened in Yeppoon in 1917 and 1923, allowing families on the Central Western railway line to send their daughters direct to Yeppoon. During the most fearful period of World War 2, when a Japanese invasion seemed imminent, St Faiths School was evacuated to Barcaldine in February 1942, with girls, beds, desks, pianos and boxes of books sent west by rail. The boarders from St Ursulas college were similarly evacuated to Our Ladies College at Longreach.</p><br>
<p>With approximately 70,000 American troops in the Rockhampton district, troop movements within the district were by road, but soldiers on leave patronised the train. On Sunday 20 September 1942 all seaside trains out of Rockhampton were cancelled, as lines and rolling stock had to be available for transport of the troops who were then moving out to New Guinea. The camp sites were quiet until March 1943.</p><br>
<p>Peak passenger numbers were in 1950 with 40,083 passengers. After World War 2 car ownership became widespread, the Rockhampton-Yeppoon road improved and passenger travel on the railway fell. In 1964 the service to Emu Park closed and the station building has been demolished. Also in 1964 the weekday service to Yeppoon was provided by rail car and passenger services withdrawn in the 1970s. Up until the 1970s the lack of an all weather sealed road over the Drummond Range to ensured that the railway line remained the best method of holiday transport from the west to Yeppoon which had gained the unofficial title of "rouseabout&#39;s Bondi". The line has been used sporadically for freight or tourist services since. Occasional special heritage trips were made in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 Queensland Rail announced that pineapple traffic would be put onto road transport and the Yeppoon line would be closed and dismantled. Investigation found that a possible commuter/tourist service would not be viable. By mid 2007 work had commenced on removing rails, sleepers, signals and other infrastructure.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The station complex is located on the northern side of James Street at the western end of the main commercial precinct.</p><br>
<p>The passenger station is a long gable-roofed chamferboard building with a corrugated galvanised iron roof with square "fascia" gutters. On the street side, the roof extends to form a shade supported on timber posts by solid timber brackets. Large decorative brackets are spaced at regular intervals under the eaves. The lowset building is set on concrete stumps. Concrete steps lead up to doorways, a small timber landing is situated adjacent to a boarded up window of the ticket and freight office. Several metres from the building, two long sandstone block steps, topped with concrete run along half the length (western end) of the building. Some panelled doors remain, but the door to the ticket and freight office has been replaced with a flush sliding door. Windows are 4-pane colonial sash. The platform side has a curved shade supported on timber posts with plain struts and concrete bases. A section on the eastern end is enclosed with battens to form a storage area for a forklift. The platform on which the station building sits is concrete edged and is of compacted soil topped with blue metal gravel and is furnished with a single timber bench seat bearing the word "YEPPOON" in black letters. Two similar seats are placed on the street side of the building. On either end of the building a timber sign is mounted off the wall at an angle, painted dark green and with raised letters painted beige to match the building bearing the name "YEPPOON".</p><br>
<p>The ticket and freight office, located at the western end of the building is a large rectangular space with walls and ceiling lined with tongue and groove boards. A set of cupboards is built into the western end of the room to waist height. It has four doors and a safe located in the centre, below the window to the waiting room. Wall- mounted timber shelving is located to the right of the window. The room contains a mix of modern and original furnishings and fixtures. Two panelled timber doors with square fanlights above open to the platform. Two windows open to the platform and two to the street side.</p><br>
<p>The former waiting room is adjacent to the ticket and freight office and is enclosed to the platform side by timber battens with a door offset to the eastern end. It has a window opening to the ticket and freight office.</p><br>
<p>The parcels room is a large open space with centrally located double timber doors opening to the outside of the building on either side. The western wall is lined with four shelves. The roof and walls are lined with tongue and groove boards. The floor is of timber boards. The wall to the platform side has exposed framing.</p><br>
<p>At the eastern end of the building are male and female toilets with doors opening to the platform side.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Yeppoon Station Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 April 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Yeppoon Railway Station is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. The terminal of branch line opened in 1909, it is important surviving evidence of a rail service to a seaside resort. Passengers from Rockhampton and throughout Central West Queensland used the service to Yeppoon. The line also contributed to coastal development serving mining, agricultural, educational and pastoral interests in the area. In particular it was important in the establishment of Yeppoon as a centre for boarding schools to service Central Queensland. It recalls an era when the railway played an important role in conveying day trippers to the seaside and complements Archer Park (Archer Park Rail Museum), the principal point of departure for passengers on this railway.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Yeppoon station building is important as a rare surviving and substantially intact seaside resort station, comparing with Shorncliffe and Pialba and others including Urangan, Cleveland, Southport, Tweeds Heads and Coolangatta since demolished. The extant earth platform is also rare in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Yeppoon War Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial avenue of trees in Normanby Street, James Street and Anzac Parade, Yeppoon, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1921 and 1984. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Yeppoon War Memorial comprises a series of avenues of trees, located over Anzac Parade, James and Normanby Streets planted in 1921 and 1984, to commemorate the servicemen lost from the local community. The ANZAC Parade avenue of trees was officially opened on 26 December 1929 by the Chairman of the Livingstone Shire Council, Cr, T. Smith, whilst driving through ribbons held by returned servicemen in uniform. The memorial obelisk, erected in 1952, is located in Beaman Park at the intersection of Normanby and James Streets, commemorates all servicemen and women from the Yeppoon district. Together they create an integrated precinct of remembrance for the international conflicts in which Australia participated.</p><br>
<p>Up until the early twentieth century, there were few statues or monuments in Queensland. However, as a result of the First World War (1914-1918), memorials were erected in almost every Queensland town. Such public expression of both grief for the dead and pride in the nation has not been generated by previous or subsequent wars. Memorials erected following subsequent wars were often adjuncts to the original commemorative symbols.</p><br>
<p>The First World War had an enormous impact on the Australian population. Of those who went to war, almost one in five did not return. It was common for families to lose more than one son and for small communities to lose a whole generation of men.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, the British Government prohibited the exhumation and return of bodies. This, coupled with the impracticality of visiting distant graves ensured war memorials became an expression of public mourning, revered as cenotaphs (literally meaning empty tomb) by those who erected them. Placed in prominent locations, such as planting of memorial trees in Yeppoon&#39;s main thoroughfares, they became symbols of remembrance and were considered to be as sacred as gravesites.</p><br>
<p>Materials, design principles and symbols suggesting permanence, reverence and commemoration were important elements. In Yeppoon, trees symbolising continuing life were planted in 1921, at The Esplanade, James and Normanby Streets, as the original public commemoration. Native Australian Hoop Pines were selected as the preferred tree, suited to the harsh seaside conditions and longevity of up to 700 years making them an ideal choice for a continuing memorial. At this time The Esplanade was renamed Anzac Parade. While the trees in Anzac Parade flourished, those in James Street declined after the 1940s. Most of the memorial plaques for individual lost soldiers located under trees in James Street had disappeared. In 1984, Yeppoon Returned Services League and Livingstone Shire Council cooperated to replace the trees and plaques and to extend the memorial to those who died in World War Two, Korea and Vietnam. Palm Trees were planted in James Street and plaques moulded in brass in the pattern of the originals and set in small concrete cairns honour 29 Yeppoon residents.</p><br>
<p>The Ulam marble Yeppoon Honour Board, financed by public subscription and listing 68 townsmen enlisted in World War One, was originally housed in a glass-fronted case in the Yeppoon railway station. This marble tablet was incorporated into the 1952 obelisk placed in Beaman Park as the Yeppoon War Memorial. A marble plaque reading "Lest we forget" inserted above the original inscriptions, was a gift from local businessman, B.C. Kent. Plaques commemorating the enlisted for World War 2, Korea and Vietnam have also been added to the obelisk.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Yeppoon War Memorial is situated over three streets and a park in Yeppoon, all located in the central section of the town. The beach foreshore and esplanade, Anzac Parade has a row of mature hoop pines (Araucaria cunninghamii) evenly spaced by approximately two metres. This row extends around the corner into Normanby Street, with four mature hoop pines centre planted into a specially created tree reserve. The avenue continues in Normanby Street between Mary Street and Arthur Street planted in the roadside reserve. A row of Coconut Palm Trees is centre planted in James Street under which small concrete cairns are located. Each cairn carries two brass plaques commemorating an individual serviceman. Two original plaques remain in situ, on a short timber pickets.</p><br>
<p>The monumental style War memorial is located in Beaman Park. A simple white concrete obelisk is located in the centre of a double stepped base that has polished concrete horizontal surfaces and white vertical surfaces. The obelisk has marble tablets inset into each face of the obelisk, representing the four conflicts in which Yeppoon residents enlisted. The obelisk culminates in a pyramidal apex.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Yeppoon War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War. They manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the post war periods.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Avenues of trees were uncommon in Queensland, a form of memorial favoured by the southern states and in particular rural Victoria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The memorial at Yeppoon demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative form erected as an enduring record of this community&#39;s contribution to events of national significance. In Yeppoon, this is achieved through a combination of avenues of trees, the renaming of Anzac Parade, plaques to individuals sacrificed in war and a symbolic monument dedicated to all who enlisted in the Australian armed forces.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Yeppoon War Memorials are an important aesthetic element in the townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The range and extent of memorial selected by this small community demonstrates the enormous impact that war had and the importance of the commemorative process.</p><br>
<p>The mature hoop pines on Anzac Parade and Normanby Streets have landmark qualities for the township of Yeppoon.</p><br>
<p>The Yeppoon State School building is a heritage-listed former state school building and now the Queen Street Community Hall at 29 Queen Street, Yeppoon, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built from 1889 to 1929. It is also known as Queen Street Community Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Yeppoon State School building was constructed in 1889, following the establishment of the Yeppoon Provisional School in 1885.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, residents of Rockhampton signed a petition asking the Surveyor-General to mark out a town at the nearest point on the central Queensland coast where they might be able to enjoy a day at the beach. An area known as Bald Hills (later Yeppoon) was proclaimed a Town Reserve on 30 April 1868. Rockhampton residents also demanded that the government proclaim a second site, Emu Park, around 35 kilometres from Rockhampton, as a Town Reserve. It was considered by the residents that it would be necessary to cater for the future needs of the expanding town of Rockhampton. Emu Park was declared a Town Reserve on 9 January 1869.</p><br>
<p>Following its gazettal as a town, Yeppoon remained comparatively unpopular with Rockhampton residents, who preferred Emu Park, consequently, it was pastoralists and selectors who were the first to settle and develop the Yeppoon area. The land in the area was very fertile, with a yearly average rainfall higher that than of either Rockhampton or Emu Park, and by 1878, the immediate Yeppoon hinterland had been largely developed for agriculture, with the surrounding area used for grazing.</p><br>
<p>The beginning of the 1880s brought changes to the district as people began to take more of an interest in the town. Between 1881 and 1884, it was predominantly residents of the area who purchased the remaining 30 town lots. These lots had not sold at the first land sales in 1873. When an additional town area was surveyed in 1881, however, these lots had all sold out by 1885.</p><br>
<p>The first school opened in Yeppoon was a provisional school which opened in 1885 with 25 pupils. At the time, it was necessary to show that there were at least 30 pupils ready to be enrolled before a state school could be provided. By January 1889, enrolments had grown, with 60 children at the school. At this time, a new building was constructed to accommodate the larger number of children. As the first school was a provisional school, the existing building is the first state school in Yeppoon.</p><br>
<p>In January 1884, Mr James Atherton, on behalf of the community requested that the Department of Public Instruction for a teacher to be appointed to teach the Yeppoon children. Along with the request, Mr Atherton offered his house for the purpose.</p><br>
<p>On 7 June 1884, the application to have a provisional school established at Yeppoon was sent to the Department explaining why a school was needed. The current site was chosen (although the area was not set aside as a Reserve for School until March 1888). On 18 June 1884, the Minister for Public Instruction, Sir Samuel Griffiths, approved the application, and finally, on 4 May 1885, Provisional School number 442 opened at Yeppoon.</p><br>
<p>By September 1888, the Yeppoon community again wrote to the Department of Public Instruction, on this occasions requesting an application form for the establishment of a state school. The formal application was sent on 31 October 1888.</p><br>
<p>On 21 March 1889, a tender in the Queensland Government Gazette called for the construction of new state school buildings at Yeppoon. The new school was opened in August the same year. At this time, the old provisional school building was added to the teacher&#39;s residence in order to enlarge it.</p><br>
<p>Several extensions and additions to the school were added over the years, including a fifteen foot extension in July 1900 (possibly the extension to the north-east side of the building); other additions in January 1901; repairs in July 1911; commencement of the planting of gardens in April 1917 and new school buildings in 1918. In June 1930, tenders were called for the purchase and removal of the teacher&#39;s residence. By July 1929, tenders were invited for the construction of additions to the school, following which, an eastern wing, with two classrooms was opened.</p><br>
<p>On 10 June 1945, a public meeting was held to discuss the urgent need for representations to be made to the Minister for Education requesting that a new school on a new site be provided as both the existing school and site had become overcrowded. It was to take some time before the Department a new school site, and once again, three more classrooms were added to the eastern wing - two in 1950 and one in 1953.</p><br>
<p>Finally, in August 1955, the Department of Education acquired an area of 42 acres in Jeffries Street and the site was set aside as a school reserve. The Queen Street school became the Infants School consisting of the 1889 building, including offices and staff rooms. The remaining buildings were moved to the Jeffries Street site to form part of the new state school. The site remained the site of the Infants School until 1971, when it became a Reserve for Recreation Purposes and the school building became a fitness centre. The adjacent land, now a freehold block, remains as offices of the Yeppoon and District Kindergarten Association.</p><br>
<p>In July 1993, the Reserve for Recreation Purposes was rescinded and the site became a Reserve for Local Government Purposes, with a sub- purpose as a local hall. Since that time, the former Yeppoon State School building has been used as a community hall, and continues to be used regularly by various community groups.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Yeppoon State School is a single storey timber building clad with weatherboards, set on high timber stumps set into a concrete base. The building has a gabled roof running east-west, clad with asbestos cement sheeting. The building appears to have been extended on the north-east side. This section also has a gable roof clad with asbestos cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The building has a centrally located porch, on the southern side, with a gable roof. Timber steps, lead to a concrete landing. The central gable is infilled with timber shingles, below which is a rounded lintel with dentils. The central gable and end gables have plain bargeboards. Similar to the central gable, the end gables at the western and eastern sides of the building are infilled with timber shingles. Timber, louvred ventilation openings are located high in the western and eastern elevations. The building has verandahs to the north and south sides.</p><br>
<p>The southern elevation, the main entrance to the building, has two double timber doors leading to the main internal room. Located above the two doors are timber framed rectangular window openings with each holding three square panes of glass. The front (southern) verandah has been enclosed on the western side with two, two-pane early casement windows still in-situ. The verandah has timber balustrading with timber posts and heavy, curved timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>The western elevation has a large feature window with eight rectangular timber framed openings, divided into three levels by different types of windows. The bottom level has casements; the second level has pivoting windows and the top level has fixed windows which slope in an easterly direction toward the main room of the building. At the top of the windows, between them and on the outer wall is a panel of mesh. The window is surmounted by a timber framed hood clad with corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The rear (northern) verandah has been enclosed with weatherboards and louvres at the eastern end and with vertically joined timbers on the western side. The enclosed area at the western end has early timber framed, sliding glass windows in-situ. Along the eastern elevation, the later gabled extension to the building has two rectangular window openings with each holding three square panes of glass. The window is surmounted by a timber framed window hood. A similar window feature is located along the northern elevation of the later extension.</p><br>
<p>A steel and concrete staircase is located on the northern side of the building leading to concrete stairs, which in turn, lead to the rear of the site and a concrete court area.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building is composed of one large room which was originally partitioned into two classroom. The room has two circular ceiling vents with lattice covers. Tie-rods run from the northern to southern walls at both the western and eastern ends. The ceiling is lined with timber boards and is level in the centre with the northern and southern sides sloping at an angle to the wall. The walls are also lined with timber boards.</p><br>
<p>Evidence remains of a folding partition across the centre of the building which would have divided the large room into two smaller classrooms. Hinge marks are located on vertical posts on each side along with reinforced brass holes in the floor for bolts. There are hinged flaps in the skirting boards. Some of these have their original hinges and bolts. There are four doors in the building-two on the southern side and two on the northern. The two on the southern side are original double doors, while only the door on the western end of the northern wall is an original double door. The door at the eastern end of the northern wall is a later addition.</p><br>
<p>There are two sets of four pivoting windows on the northern and southern sides. These are placed opposite each other above the doors. There are three mullions in each set of windows and each window has three panes. In each set the windows are paired and attached together with a bar so that opening one opens its partner.</p><br>
<p>Very high up on the walls there are some old hooks which may have been used to hang charts. There are four on the northern wall, one on the west and one on the east. Some of these only retain their base plate and the hook has been broken off.</p><br>
<p>Toilets, constructed of besser block, are located in the central western side of the undercroft area. The north-eastern corner of the undercroft has also been enclosed with timber flooring and a timber frame clad with corrugated iron. The site on which the hall is located slopes in a northerly direction away from Queen Street, with Queen Street sloping from east to west. The grounds are uneven with rocky outcrops and roughly grassed with remnant original plantings. Terraces have been constructed with dry-stone rubble walls. Mature plantings on the site include two large, frangipani trees as well as shrubs such as loquats.</p><br>
<p>A stone retaining wall has also been constructed on the southern side of the site with timber balustrading running east-west indicating the extent of the wall. A picket fence is located at the front of the building along the Queen Street frontage.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Yeppoon State School building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1889, the former Yeppoon State School is significant as the first state school established in Yeppoon, following the establishment of the provisional school in 1885. The former school building provides evidence of the growth of the Yeppoon and surrounding area during the 1880s due to the increasing attraction of coastal living. The former Yeppoon State School is further significant providing evidence of the development of the education system throughout Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Largely intact, the former Yeppoon State School is significant as an example of a building type developed by the Department of Public Works for the Department of Public Instruction. The former Yeppoon State School building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a building of its type by its form and use of materials, reflecting the ways in which architects of the Works Department have addressed problems of light and ventilation in response to climatic conditions, particularly the use of large feature windows and hinged skirting boards to allow for cross ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Its simple form and materials contribute to the aesthetic significance of the place and the contribution of the building to the Queen Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Yeppoon State School is important for its connection with the community in and around Yeppoon as a provider of public education for several generations. The former Yeppoon State School is further significant for its later use as community hall.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church, now known as the Faith by Love Church, is a historic Episcopal church located in the Southwest / Near Westside neighborhood of Syracuse, Onondaga County, New York. The church was built in 1914-1915, and is a one-story, Collegiate Gothic style stone building. It has a steeply pitched front gable slate roof and a massive square tower with corner buttresses. Also on the property is the contributing Parish House. It is a two-story, Second Empire style frame dwelling with a mansard roof. The Jaynes Memorial Hall was added to the rear of the Parish House in 1926. The congregation was established in 1855, and remained at the location until 1994.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Seven Star Grange is a historic Grange hall at 696 Bangor Road in Troy, Maine. Built in 1876, it is one of the state&#39;s oldest Grange halls, and has been an important community and social event venue for the rural community since then. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Seven Star Grange is located in central Troy, on the south side of Bangor Road (United States Route 202) near its junction with Rogers Road. It is a tall two story wood frame structure, with a gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The front facade has evenly-spaced windows on the second floor and attic level, and an irregular first floor, with sash windows flanking a double door on the left side, and a single-leaf door near the corner on the right. The building corners are pilastered, with entablatures running along the sides. The original part of the building is four bays deep, with a two-story addition extending to the rear. The interior&#39;s principal spaces are a meeting and dining hall on the ground floor, and an auditorium with stage on the second.</p><br>
<p>The Seven Star Grange was organized in 1874, the second year in which the Patrons of Husbandry organized chapters in the state. The present building was constructed in 1876, and initially housed meeting facilities and a small cooperative store, then a fairly typical feature of Grange organizations. The stage addition was added in 1931, and at some point in the 20th century the space that housed the store was converted into kitchen for the downstairs dining space.</p><br>
<p>Courier Building, also known as the Frazee Block, Cutlery Block, Fire Engineer Block, and Potter Building, is a historic commercial building located in Downtown Syracuse, Onondaga County, New York. It was built in 1844, and is a four-story, trapezoidal shaped, Greek Revival style painted brick building. It was updated in 1918 with Chicago Commercial style design elements when modified for use as a Moose Lodge . The Courier newspaper occupied the building from 1856 to 1905. It was the site of Daniel Webster&#39;s 1851 "Syracuse Speech" in which he equated resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law with treason. In response, crowds in the area freed an escaped slave from the custody of federal marshals, galvanizing opposition to slavery in Central New York.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Sacketts Brook Stone Arch Bridge, also known locally as the Hi-Lo Biddy Stone Arch Bridge, is a historic bridge just outside the village of Putney, Vermont. It is a stone arch bridge that formerly carried Mill Street  across Sacketts Brook, about 0.25 mi east of United States Route 5. It was built in 1906 by James Otis Follett, an area stone mason, and is one of a few surviving examples of his work. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sacketts Brook Stone Arch Bridge spans Sacketts Brook in a wooded ravine a short way east of the center of Putney village. The road it formerly carried (now truncated at each end) is designated Mill Street on the west side and Hi-Lo Biddy Road on the east side of the brook. The bridge has a single span, supported by a segmented arch 29 ft long. It rises about 12.5 ft above the stream, and has a roadway width of 15.5 ft, sufficient for a single lane of modern traffic. The arch is formed out of mortared granite blocks, with a slightly projecting keystone at the top of the arch. The stones are laid in a mostly regular pattern, and the bridge spandrels are filled in with more irregularly-laid stone. Three layers of stone are laid on top of the arch, above which is the gravel roadbed. The bridge abutments and adjoining wing walls are of irregularly coursed rubblestone laid without mortar.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1906 by James Otis Follett, a mason from nearby Townshend. Follett is documented to have built more than 40 bridges and culverts, all at a time when stone bridges were falling out of fashion, supplanted by ironwork bridges. Of these works, this bridge was one of eleven documented to survive at the time of its listing on the National Register in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Bedford Brown Bethell House is a historic house at 2nd and Curran Streets in Des Arc, Arkansas. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and weatherboard siding. The main facade is symmetrical, with a single-story hip-roofed porch that wraps around the left side. The main entrance is framed by sidelight windows, and topped by a transom. A Palladian-style three-part window stands in the second floor above the entrance, with a half-round fanlight. The roof is pierced by hip-roof dormers. The lot is lined on its street-facing sides by an iron fence. The house was built in 1912-13, and is one of the city&#39;s finest examples of Colonial Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Carmila Cane Lift is a heritage-listed piece of agricultural equipment at 49 Hindles Road, Carmila, Isaac Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built between the 1920s and the 1960s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Carmila cane lift is situated to the west of Carmila south of the township of Sarina in the Broad Sound area. Sugar cane is a major crop in Queensland; the state produces almost all of the nation&#39;s sugar. The cane lifts formed part of the process of transporting bundled whole stalks of harvested sugar cane from the farms to the mill. They were rendered obsolete by the universal adoption of "chopper" harvesters from the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Sugar cane was first introduced to Australia in 1788 with the arrival of the First Fleet. In 1821, Port Macquarie under the command of Captain Francis Allman became Australias first cane-growing area. In Queensland, the successful cultivation of sugar cane was established in 1864 at Redland Bay by Captain Louis Hope who erected Queenslands first sugar-crushing mill on the banks of Hilliard&#39;s Creek (now Ormiston) about 25 km south-east of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Cane growing was tried at Bowen in the Whitsunday Region in 1864 but continued there only until 1869, when it became clear that the climate was too dry. In the Pioneer Valley the first grower in the Mackay region was John Spiller. He arrived in Mackay in 1865 as a would-be squatter without capital but with cane brought from Java which he planted on the north bank of the Pioneer River. In June 1867 he produced the first sugar in the region.</p><br>
<p>The incipient cane growing industry was given impetus in 1864 with the enactment of the Sugar and Coffee Regulations, introduced by the government to encourage northern settlement. This enabled lessees to obtain plots of up to 1,280 acres (about 518ha) at a reasonable cost. Spiller and John Crees selected two blocks that became the Pioneer Plantation and built a primitive mill. T H Fitzgerald began a commercial plantation, Alexandra, in 1866 and with J Ewen Davidson set up a steam-powered mill that produced 110 tons (about 100 tonnes) of sugar in 1868. With these facilities a sugar boom began: small growers brought their cane for crushing to the Alexandra mill and acreage under cane expanded rapidly. Cane growers pushed back the graziers and by 1870 five mills were established.</p><br>
<p>By 1872 Mackay mills produced 40 per cent of the total Queensland sugar production and 37 per cent of its rum. Seventeen mills were established along the Pioneer River before 1875, most in 1872 and 1873. Another 12 including Farleigh, Habana, Homebush, and Marian were established between 1881 and 1885, then North Eton and Racecourse in 1888, Plane Creek began at Sarina in 1896 and in 1906 Cattle Creek Mill at Finch Hatton started operations.</p><br>
<p>Where crops were near the main railway line, cut cane was transported from field to mill via rail wagons. However, in cases where the crops and mills were remote from the railway, many mills established extensive tram networks for transporting harvested cane. The railway and tram networks continue to be used together with road transport.</p><br>
<p>From at least as early as the 1890s, cane lifts at tram or railway sidings were used to transfer bundles of cane onto rail or tram wagons. Cane was initially harvested as whole stalks by hand and, later, by wholestalk mechanical harvesters. The cane was cut close to the ground and then the top foliage was cut off. It was transported to the mill as whole stalks. A frequent practise was to lay temporary tramlines into the field so that tram wagons could be loaded with cut cane close to where the harvesting took place. Where this practise was not followed, the cane was loaded onto a horse-drawn wagon or motorised vehicle. This was done by hand until the introduction of mechanised loaders in the mid-20th century. The wagon or vehicle transported the cane to the nearest siding where the bundles of cane were transferred onto a tram or rail wagon using the cane lifts.</p><br>
<p>Many lifts were on private property, others on railway land at sidings. In many cases sugar mills paid for the construction of the lifts and cane farmers repaid the money at a predetermined cost per ton of cane sent to the mill.</p><br>
<p>The lifts took different forms. F W Bolton, the manager of Farleigh Mill, is credited with introducing the "traverser" type by 1891. This consisted of an overhead travelling winch which traversed a horizontal beam supported by two posts. The cane was laid flat on a sling in a dray which was driven under the winch. The winch was used to hoist the bundle of cane which was traversed about two metres and lowered into a tramway wagon parked next to the dray. The lift was praised at the time for greatly reducing loading times and enabling the cane to be packed more densely. Apparently this type of lift was widely adopted but there are no known examples extant in the Mackay area.</p><br>
<p>A similar configuration, possibly a modification of the traverser type, comprised two posts supporting a horizontal beam with a fixed pulley. These were predominantly used with tram wagons. As with the traverser the tram track passed under the horizontal beam. The wagon or truck containing the cane stalks was driven along the tram tracks to a position beneath the horizontal beam. The bundle of cane was hoisted, then the truck was driven out and its position taken by the tram wagon into which the cane was then lowered.</p><br>
<p>A third or "derrick" type consisted of a load bearing boom fixed by a pivoting coupling to the bottom of a mast. It was held in a diagonal attitude to the mast by a hinged horizontal beam extending from the top of the mast to the end of the boom. The boom swung in an arc and the lifting hook was lowered from the end of the horizontal beam. Derrick type lifts were in use by 1893. They were used mostly to load cane into main line railway wagons.</p><br>
<p>Albert John Wellman Fudge, a carpenter, is credited by some with inventing the derrick type lift. Fudge was a British immigrant who moved to Mackay in the 1890s. It is claimed that Fudge built over one hundred cane lifts for most district mills. His work was said to have been carried on by Harry Penny until the introduction of chopper harvesters.</p><br>
<p>A variety of methods were used to power the hoist. It was common to use a horse hitched to a pole fixed to a rotating drum. This system was later adapted for use with a motor. From World War II, trucks were also used. Power was transferred via a set of rollers positioned in the ground so that they would engage with the wheels of the truck carrying the cane. These lifts were known as "Tracey" lifts.</p><br>
<p>The Carmila lift is a Tracey lift. It is configured in a similar way to a traverser type, comprising a horizontal beam supported by two posts. A pulley fitted to the horizontal beam is loosely held in place with a metal clamp and lengths of heavy wire. The rollers that form part of the lifting mechanism for this type of lift remain extant in the ground beneath the horizontal beam.</p><br>
<p>The lift is located on the route of the former Plane Creek Mill tramway (no longer extant). The Plane Creek Mill commenced operations in 1896 and the tramway at Carmila was present by the mid 1920s. Therefore, the lift dates to between the 1920s and the 1960s when cane lifts were no longer used.</p><br>
<p>Cane lifts became redundant after the widespread introduction of chopper mechanical harvesters. Mechanical harvesting was attempted with little real success from the late 19th century. The development of mechanical harvesters accelerated from World War II. The first harvesters cut the cane as whole stalks. This meant that the labour-intensive task of bundling whole cane stalks and loading them continued. From the early 1950s, mechanical loaders alleviated this problem to some extent.</p><br>
<p>The introduction of chopper harvesters solved the loading problem. These harvesters chop the cane stalks into short lengths or billets. The billets are ejected from the harvester directly into bins towed by motor vehicle alongside the harvester. The bins are towed to the rail siding where they are transferred onto tram or rail wagons. Alternatively, the billets are tipped into bins on the wagons. By the mid-1960s, chopper harvesters had almost completely superseded whole stalk harvesters. The extant cane lifts probably all predate this time and some could date to the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Carmila cane lift is located on the southern side of the Carmila West Road, approximately 5 km west-south-west of the township of Carmila. Carmila is located on the Bruce Highway 100 km south of Mackay.</p><br>
<p>Standing between 7m and 9m high, the lift comprises two upright poles supporting a horizontal cross beam. The beam comprises an unfinished wooden log. The upright poles are covered with a climbing vine.</p><br>
<p>A pulley wheel is loosely fitted to the top of the cross beam with a metal clamp and lengths of heavy duty wire. Steel cable runs through the pulley wheel and a hook is suspended at the end of the cable. Set into the ground beneath the horizontal beam are two sets of roller mechanisms each set comprising two steel rollers and a steel cog. These project slightly from the ground.</p><br>
<p>The lift is located in an open grassy area containing some low scrub and a few trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Carmila Cane Lift was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Carmila cane lift, located near Sarina, is one of a group of lifts in the Mackay/Whitsunday region, one of Queenslands oldest and most productive sugar cane growing areas. Historically, sugar has been one of the States most important agricultural commodities. The lifts are important in demonstrating the evolution of the industry in that they provide evidence of how harvested cane was transported before the introduction of mechanical chopper harvesters. Sugar cane was originally harvested and transported to mills as whole stalks. The lifts were used to hoist bundles of stalks into tram or train wagons. They became redundant after the universal adoption of chopper harvesters from the 1960s. The Carmila lift is located on the route of the former Plane Creek Mill tramway, established by the mid 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Carmila cane lift is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Tracey lift. Cane lifts took two basic forms: a derrick with a swinging boom, and a horizontal beam supported by two upright posts. The Tracey lift took the latter form and was powered by a truck backed under the lift so its back wheels engaged with rollers set into the ground. The lift at Carmila is an intact example of this type and includes the roller mechanism, pulley with cable and a hook.</p><br>
<p>Clermont Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Cemetery Road, Clermont, Isaac Region, Queensland, Australia. It was established in 1866. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Clermont Cemetery was established in 1866 to service the early Queensland mining town of Clermont in Central Queensland. The place has functioned as Clermonts only public cemetery since the towns inception in the 1860s and it contains graves dating to this period. In December 1916 Clermont experienced the greatest recorded loss of life during a flood in Queensland, and the Clermont Cemetery contains the graves of at least 36 of the flood victims.</p><br>
<h3>Establishment of Clermont</h3><br>
<p>Clermont, in the Peak Downs area of the former Leichhardt Pastoral District, was one of the earliest inland towns established in central Queensland. Pastoralists took up land in the area in the early 1850s but the town of Clermont owes its existence to the discovery of alluvial gold near Hoods Lagoon. With the resultant rush of miners to the site a tent town was established and a licensed hotel, the Diggers Retreat, was opened in 1862. In late 1863 the area around the lagoon was surveyed as the town of Clermont, and in December that year the town was appointed a place for holding Courts of Petty Sessions. In 1863 the Peak Downs Copper Company opened the first copper mine in Queensland - a rich copper lode about five kilometres south of Clermont - and the township of Copperfield developed around the mine.</p><br>
<p>The progress of the Clermont-Copperfield district was widely reported in colonial Queensland. Charles Buzacott established the Peak Downs Telegram and Queensland Mining Record at Clermont in 1864 and in 1865 Pugh&#39;s Almanac identified Clermont as "one of the most promising townships in the interior", with a bank, hospital, court-house, newspaper office, workshops, stores, three hotels and several boarding houses. In January 1865 the Clermont Electoral District was proclaimed and in November that year the township of Clermont and the adjacent mining district was proclaimed as the Provisional Council District of Clermont - the first under the District Councils Act of 1864. In mid-1866 the residents of Clermont petitioned for municipal status which resulted in the proclamation of the combined municipality of Clermont and Copperfield in January 1867. At the time of the Queensland census of 1868, Clermont, with a population of 821, was the ninth most populous town in the colony, after Brisbane, Rockhampton, Ipswich, Maryborough, Toowoomba, Warwick, Dalby and Bowen, and had a greater population than Drayton (807), Gayndah (746), Roma (506), Gladstone (377), Townsville (346), Mackay (341), Allora (292), Leyburn (279) and Springsure (277).</p><br>
<p>In the early years Clermont was sustained by gold and copper mining and the surrounding pastoral industry. However, by the time Clermont and Copperfield each gained municipal status in May 1872, payable alluvial gold in the district was declining. The town survived largely due to the completion in 1884 of a branch railway linking Clermont to Emerald and Rockhampton. From the 1890s, coal at Blair Athol replaced gold and copper as the principal mining interest in the district. By the late twentieth century, Clermont had evolved into a medium-sized town serving coal mines and agricultural holdings in the area.</p><br>
<h3>Clermont Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>In late 1865 the colonial government approved a grant of 10 acres (4ha) for a cemetery at Clermont, although when surveyor Charles Frederick Gregory made his survey early in 1866 he included a cemetery extension, bringing the total area to 15 acres 2 roods (6.27ha). In the tradition of locating public cemeteries on the outskirts of a town, the Clermont cemetery reserve was located on the banks of Sandy Creek about one kilometre north-east of the township. It was in use by April 1866 when the town buried one of its first residents, Dr WS Smith, who had been practising in the town for nearly four years. The earliest registered burial in the cemetery was that of a two year old child, David Kilpatrick, who was interred in 1867. Around 20 per cent of over 3,000 known burials in the cemetery pre-date 1900.</p><br>
<p>Under the Cemetery Act of 1865, which provided for the regulation of cemeteries throughout Queensland, trustees for the Clermont Cemetery were appointed in August 1868. They represented the Church of England, Roman Catholic, Wesleyan and Presbyterian denominations. Burials for all Christian denominations and non-Christians were received in public cemeteries, which usually were laid out in denominational sections.</p><br>
<p>Clermont Cemetery is among the earlier surviving public cemeteries in central Queensland, others being located at St Lawrence (earliest burial 1857), South Rockhampton Cemetery (established 1860), Marlborough (earliest burial 1860) and Nebo (earliest burial 1866).</p><br>
<p>Early cemeteries are important records of the pattern of non-indigenous settlement in Queensland. The Clermont Cemetery is particularly important for its association with early mining in Queensland. New goldfields typically attracted fortune seekers from all over the world and the birthplaces of those buried in the Clermont Cemetery in the nineteenth century reflected the varied origins of the town&#39;s inhabitants during the peak period of mining activity in the area. Birthplaces other than Australia and the British Isles included: China (most numerous), Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Greece, France, and single burials each of an Austrian, Swiss, South Sea Islander, Japanese, Canadian and an American. Many of these nationalities, and others, are represented also in later graves.</p><br>
<p>Despite the renewal of trustees in 1878, by the mid-1880s the cemetery had fallen into disrepair: According to the Brisbane Courier on 26 March 1886:"The Clermont cemetery is one of those institutions which are left to manage themselves as best they may. God&#39;s Acre is all untidy and uncared for; the fences are going to ruin, and the management seems almost entirely to rest upon an irresponsible undertaker and sexton."In 1887 the cemetery area was expanded and proclaimed as a permanent reserve of 25 acres (10.1h) for cemetery purposes. A late 1886 survey plan shows the cemetery occupying the south-western corner of the reserve, closest to the town and fronting Cemetery Road, and enclosed with a two-rail timber fence. Another two-rail fence separated the southern third of the reserve from the remainder, which was largely unimproved.</p><br>
<p>By 1901 a substantial lychgate-cum-shelter shed had been constructed at the main entrance off Cemetery Road, in the south-western corner of the cemetery reserve. This was a timber-framed structure, three or four bays in length, open-sided, with a gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>Historically during the summer months, central and north Queensland has been prone to extreme weather conditions and periods of heavy rain associated with tropical lows and cyclones which have caused major damage and loss of life. In addition to the destruction caused by high winds, torrential rain created by degenerating cyclones has caused rapid flooding of rivers and creeks, inundating large areas of land with fast flowing water.</p><br>
<p>Clermont had long experience of damaging floods - such as that of February 1870, when the town was inundated to a depth of four to five feet (1.2m to 1.5m) and four persons were drowned (15 in the wider district) - but nothing on the scale of the flood of late December 1916. During the morning of 27 December 1916 a cyclone crossed the coast between Bowen and Mackay bringing torrential rain and high wind. By 4.00am on 28 December it was located about 35 miles (56 km) north-west of Clermont. Heavy rain fell into the small catchments of Sandy and Wolfang creeks. An accurate determination of rainfall was impossible as rain gauges overflowed but it was estimated that up to 30 inches (760mm) of rain fell in the area during the period of the storm which lasted around 18 hours.</p><br>
<p>An eye witness described the "wall of water" that flowed rapidly down the creeks sweeping away the low lying areas of the town of Clermont and inundating the town cemetery beside the river. In the wake of the flood the Adelaide Advertiser (9 January 1917) reported:</p><br>
<p>"The cemetery is merely a mass of holes. The coffins have been washed out and carried downstream, and the headstones have been wrecked, or where they were of wood have been borne long distances."</p><br>
<p>The sexton&#39;s house was washed away and the sexton was drowned.</p><br>
<p>It is estimated that the river flats were submerged under 12 to 14 feet (3.6m to 4.3m) of fast-flowing water. People sought refuge on roofs and in ceilings but the debris-laden flood waters destroyed many houses and lifted others from their stumps to be carried downstream. Other people were drowned in the flood waters while attempting to escape to higher ground. Over 60 people died, with the disaster reported throughout the country and in the London Times.</p><br>
<p>Many flood victims were buried close to where they were found, but at least 36 are known to be buried in the Clermont Cemetery. All except one of these were buried within three days of the disaster. The burials included entire families of up to seven persons, with the age of victims ranging from two to 70 years. Most were interred in a mass grave located to the east of the earlier burials.</p><br>
<p>A meeting of surviving residents soon after the flood resolved to move the town from the flats to higher ground close by. The government enacted special legislation, the Clermont Flood Relief Act 1917, to enable the town to re-establish at the new site. Some buildings were moved to the new location by traction engine.</p><br>
<p>Descendants of the flood victims still live in Clermont. In 1991, a memorial to the victims was erected in the cemetery by the Lioness Club of Clermont, on the site of the mass grave. A white cross shows the approximate height of the flood waters. Another memorial is located at the site of the original township. The cemetery is now managed by the Isaac Regional Council and remains the main public burial ground for Clermont.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Clermont Cemetery occupies the southern portion of a roughly triangular, ten hectare block of land located approximately two kilometres north of the town centre of Clermont in central Queensland. Access to the cemetery is via several entrance gates off Cemetery Road, which runs along the southern boundary. Perpendicular to this is the eastern boundary, which lies adjacent to Old Showground Road and privately owned land. The third boundary is formed by Sandy Creek, which crosses from the south-west to the north-east corner of the property. The northern portion of the site, separated from the cemetery by a fence line running east-west, is not in use and remains covered by what appear to be native trees. This portion of the site is not included within the heritage register boundary.</p><br>
<p>Graves within the cemetery are arranged in a rectangular grid layout divided by dirt or gravel driveways and walkways, with headstones facing toward the east. The earliest graves are located towards the western end of the site, while the most recent burials and a lawn cemetery are found at the eastern end. Identified burials date from 1867 to the present, with a variety of Victorian, Edwardian and twentieth century monument styles featured throughout.</p><br>
<p>The graves associated with the 1916 flood are located within the older, western half of the cemetery that lies closest to Sandy Creek. In this area, surviving headstones from pre-1916 are made from sandstone, marble and cast iron, many of them substantial headstones of good quality design and craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>The mass grave containing the victims of the flood is enclosed by a low fence, made from tubular steel posts with chain slung between them. Two marked grave plots containing flood victims are also enclosed by the fence. One belongs to Richard Hooper. The inscription states he "was drowned in the great flood of Clermont". The grave also contains his wife Elizabeth Jane Hooper who died in 1956 aged 85. It consists of a marble plaque attached to a granite headstone, with a low concrete grave kerb surrounding a concrete slab covered in black and white tiles. Four immortelles sit on top of the slab and a marble plaque with the words "Mother Father" are attached to the kerb at the foot of the grave. The other marked grave, located further to the south, has a concrete headstone with marble plaque, concrete grave kerb and gravel infill. The three names listed on this plaque are: John Thomas Wicks, Peter Olsson and Evelyn Olsson. The inscription states that they "were drowned in the flood of Dec 1916".</p><br>
<p>A memorial dated 1991 is also located within the fenced enclosure. It comprises a granite block on a concrete base with small bronze plaques, naming individuals and family groups who lost their lives in the 1916 flood, attached to the eastern face. A larger plaque in the centre bears the words: "ERECTED BY LIONESS CLUB ON 13. 4. 1991 IN MEMORY OF KNOWN VICTIMS OF DEC. 1916 FLOOD". Next to the granite memorial on the right hand side is a tall timber post, painted white, with a small timber cross member marking the presumed level of the flood. Words painted on this cross member are: "1916 FLOOD LEVEL, approximately".</p><br>
<p>Other flood victims&#39; graves are found in the eastern half of the cemetery. A memorial to 34 year old Margaret Davidson (nee Healy) was erected by her siblings and consists of a marble angel on top of a marble pedestal. The grave itself is surrounded by iron fencing, painted white. Another monument is a large marble Celtic cross bearing the names of five members of the Carsten family. The inscription states that it was erected "In loving memory of my dearly beloved wife, little son, mother and sisters who lost their lives in the flood at Clermont, 28 Dec. 1916". The names listed are those of Maud Margaret Carsten (aged 30), Simon Henry Carsten (14 months), Kate Carsten (50), and Gretta and Eva Mary Carsten (22 and 26 respectively).</p><br>
<p>Throughout the rest of the cemetery, a wide variety of monumental forms are found including sarcophagi, obelisks and columns. Headstones range from simple upright slabs to those featuring elaborate ornamentation such as angels, cherubs, bibles, urns, crosses and broken columns. Materials used include marble, sandstone, iron, granite and concrete. Of note are some cast iron monuments with filigree iron lacework borders. Included amongst the early twentieth century monuments is the work of Brisbane monumental masons AL Petrie and J Petrie and Sons, and A & G Ballantine of Melbourne. J Simmonds of Brisbane is identified on an 1894 headstone.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains two Commonwealth war graves, which are of an Australian Imperial Force Sergeant of World War I (Row U, Grave 5), and a Royal Australian Air Force Leading Aircraftman of World War II (Section K, Grave 6).</p><br>
<p>Monuments from the mid to late 20th century are predominantly of the slab and desk type, made from materials such as concrete, granite and sandstone with some marble features and plaques. Many grave surrounds and concrete slabs are clad in ceramic tiles.</p><br>
<p>The lawn cemetery consists of wide, rectangular strips of ground surrounded by concrete kerbing, one of which features a row of flowering shrubs or small trees down the centre. Brass plaques marking individual graves are either set into concrete at ground level or attached to a continuous, inclined concrete strip.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance archway, located towards the centre of the southern boundary fence, features an arched metal sign supported by tubular metal posts on top of stone pylons and reading "CLERMONT CEMETERY".</p><br>
<p>The western and northern sides of the cemetery are screened by mature trees growing beyond the boundaries. A row of trees including Jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia) planted along Cemetery Road have a partial screening effect yet still allows views into the cemetery. A scattering of other stand-alone trees are also found growing within the cemetery. Fencing along the front boundary is made with metal post and cyclone wire and with three vehicular and four pedestrian gates spaced along its length. This fence is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. A number of sheds within the cemetery reserve are recent and are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. Views over surrounding countryside and farmland are obtained to the east and south of the cemetery. Through trees along the western boundary are views towards Sandy Creek and the countryside beyond.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Clermont Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Clermont Cemetery, established in 1866 and still in use, is an early public burial ground in central Queensland. It is associated with the establishment of Clermont as one of Queensland&#39;s earliest mining towns; is important in demonstrating the wide ethnic diversity of an early Queensland mining community; and is an important source of unique historical information about a community that has serviced a mining, pastoral and agricultural district since the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its association with the great flood of December 1916 which swept away the lower areas of Clermont with the loss of over 60 lives - the worst flood in terms of loss of life in Queenslands history - and which brought about the relocation of the town from the flats around the Clermont Lagoon to higher ground nearby. At least 36 of the flood victims were buried in the Clermont Cemetery, most in a mass grave, providing emotive evidence of the human cost of Queenslands harsh climatic conditions. The cemetery itself was flooded and a marker at the mass grave shows the depth of the flood waters.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Clermont Cemetery is important for the aesthetic values generated by the evocativeness of the monuments and memorials, particularly those associated with the 1916 flood victims; and by the workmanship displayed in many of the early monuments, many of which were crafted in other centres and transported to Clermont.</p><br>
<p>Stone Farm Building is a heritage-listed farm building at Fleurs, 739 Fleurs Lane, Clermont, Isaac Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1880s. It is also known as Fleurs. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 August 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stone farm building on the property known as Fleurs in the Clermont district of central western Queensland was constructed on land initially selected by William George Hatfield, the son of Thomas and Annie Hatfield. In 1880 members of the Hatfield family selected six adjoining 500 acre portions. The family&#39;s homestead was built on portion 202, where the stone farm building still stands. Although the exact date of construction is not known, the existence of a cellar indicates that the building may have been the dairy described in an 1884 inspection of the property.</p><br>
<p>The Clermont district was opened to non-Indigenous settlement following Ludwig Leichhardts exploration of the area in 1844 when he noted its potential for pastoralists, agriculturists and miners. The discovery of gold near Hoods Lagoon in the early 1860s paved the way for a rush to the district and a settlement near the lagoon renamed Diggings Lagoon was soon established. This was surveyed by the Queensland Government in December 1863 as the town of Clermont. In January 1877 the Land Commissioner&#39;s Office received a petition from the residents of Clermont requesting survey of a town common for "depasturing stock belonging to the town". An area for a town common was resumed from the Crispin Downs and Wena No. 3 runs and was proclaimed as the Clermont Town and Agricultural District Common on 1 March 1878. An 1879 map of the area described the town common as "well grassed open downs".</p><br>
<p>On 7 January 1880 a section of the Common was proclaimed open for selection, and in February William George Hatfield applied to lease portion 202, consisting of 500 acres of first class pastoral land, under the provisions of the Crown Lands Alienation Act 1876. He was issued a deed of grant in July 1885. By 15 August 1884 improvements on portion 202 included: a dwelling house containing 12 rooms, an underground tank, kitchen and store, the whole valued at £1000; stables, coach house and man&#39;s room valued at £150; and a dairy with an underground tank, valued at £300. The construction material for the dairy is not stated in the list of improvements, but local history suggests that this is the surviving stone building.</p><br>
<p>William George Hatfield was the second oldest son of Thomas Hatfield. Thomas, born in Liverpool near Sydney, worked as a storekeeper and carrier in New South Wales before he decided to move to Queensland, where the discovery of gold at Peak Downs in 1863 had opened opportunities for carriers. Miners needed goods delivered from Rockhampton, and the Peak Downs Cooper Mine needed its smelted ore delivered to the coast. Thomas arrived at Rockhampton in January 1867, and he soon had teams carrying copper from Copperfield to Rockhampton, and later to St Lawrence. The Hatfield family, consisting of Thomas and Annie Hatfield and their seven children, settled in Clermont in late October 1867.</p><br>
<p>Thomas opened stores at St Lawrence, Copperfield and Clermont to sell the goods he brought in from New South Wales, and in 1868 he also opened the Commercial Hotel in St Lawrence. In 1872 he took up a lease on the Connors River, and he used this selection "Yatton" to breed team horses and run cattle. As Copperfield declined during the 1870s Thomas focused more on Clermont. He became a Justice of the Peace in 1878, served as an Alderman on the Clermont Council, and was a foundation member of the Peak Downs Masonic Lodge in Copperfield in 1879.</p><br>
<p>In early 1880 Thomas, his four oldest sons (Thomas John, William George, Ernest Alfred, and Henry Herbert) and his brother John selected six adjoining 500 acre portions numbered 200 to 203, plus 207 and 210, on the former Clermont Town and Agricultural Common. These portions were collectively known as Fleurs. The local area had been named Les Fleurs, after its wildflowers, by the first owner of Wolfang Station, Oscar de Satge. Fleurs was used to breed horses, and to conduct sheep farming and dairying.</p><br>
<p>After Thomas died from typhoid on 13 December 1882, an article in the Peak Downs Telegram noted that he had recently sought to withdraw from business and devote himself to the (horse) stud farm he had recently established at Fleurs. His eldest son Thomas John took over Fleurs, running 4500 sheep and 200 cattle. Thomas John was also a JP, and he served on both the Belyando Divisional Board and the Belyando Shire Council.</p><br>
<p>In early 1909 Randolph James Wall acquired Fleurs, including portion 202. Wall also ran sheep, and some cattle, on the property. The farm is currently owned by William Fraser, the great grandson of RJ Wall. The stone farm building, which was used as shearer&#39;s quarters at one stage, is now used for storage purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fleurs is a pastoral property situated northeast of Clermont, about 6 km along Fleurs Lane from the Gregory Highway. The Stone Farm Building at Fleurs is one of a number of buildings within the complex, including the homestead and several corrugated iron clad sheds (but only the stone building is included in the heritage listing).</p><br>
<p>The building is a well-constructed, single-storeyed, masonry structure comprising three rooms and an underground cellar. Its hipped, timber-framed roof, incorporating verandahs to all four sides in a broken back form, is clad with short, corrugated iron roof sheets. The verandah roof is supported on bush timber posts and a later verandah floor exists on the south-east and north-east sides. The substantial external walls are of random rubble construction finished externally and internally with ant bed render.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historian Miles Lewis has recorded the nineteenth century use of crushed anthill clay, or ant bed, for adobe, cob, pise de terre, earthen flooring and later the surfacing of tennis courts. Ant bed appears to have been used mainly in rural areas either due to an absence of other materials, or for its adhesive and/or insulating properties. Comparatively few ant bed structures are known to survive in Queensland. Another building described as being a dairy located in the Clermont area is Irlam&#39;s farm building, which is constructed of rammed earth mixed with ant bed.</p><br>
<p>There is brick quoining to the corners of the stone building at Fleurs and to window and door openings. To accommodate the original verandah floor joists, a brick-on-edge course set between two layers of timber planking, provided a level surface for the joist housing around the perimeter of the building. The existing verandah floor structure abuts the external walls.</p><br>
<p>All openings have brick arch lintels. There are two windows and a pair of doors with a three-paned fanlight above in the south-east (front) wall and one window in the north-west (rear) wall. A second pair of doors with three-paned fanlight above is in the north-east wall. The window openings in the south-east elevation are lined with wire mesh and each of the windows has a sliding timber panel, and a timber-lined sill and head.</p><br>
<p>The interior is divided into three rooms with exposed stud timber partition walls lined to door head height. The two smaller interconnecting rooms at the front of the building are separated by a chamferboard-lined wall. A weatherboard-lined wall separates these from the larger room at the rear. There is a timber floor throughout supported on joists housed into log bearers. Access to the cement-rendered cellar is gained through an opening in the floor in a front room via a metal ladder. The cellar is ventilated with openings formed in brickwork in each of the corners, although the exterior openings were not located. Remains of lime wash and painted finishes survive on both internal and external walls.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Stone Farm Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 August 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed between 1880 and 1884 to service the Hatfield family&#39;s cluster of selections north of Clermont, collectively known as "Fleurs", the stone farm building on the property remains important in illustrating how early non-indigenous settlers made use of a range of local building materials to construct homesteads in remote districts, poorly serviced by transportation and towns.</p><br>
<p>The cellar is a good example of the early practice of using cellars for cool food storage, and the building is highly intact, with its original roof form.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Constructed of random rubble stone with a rendered layer of ant bed and brick quoining, the stone farm building at Fleurs is a comparatively rare example in Queensland of the use of stone and ant bed to construct a well-made and permanent farm building.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Benedict at Glastonbury within the English county of Somerset was built in the 14th century with the tower being added in the 15th. It is a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first church on the site was dedicated to St Benignus in the 11th century, possibly due to confusion with the Anglo Saxon Beonna. The dedication was changed to St Benedict in the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>The current building is late medieval although the exact date is unknown. The tower was added in the mid 15th century. Abbot Richard Beere (1493-1524) added the north aisle and porch. The stained glass windows were replaced in the 1840s. In 1862 Benjamin Ferrey added the south chapel. Victorian restoration was carried out by J. D. Sedding in the 1880s. During 2014 extensive renovation work was carried out.</p><br>
<p>The church was a dependent chapel of the nearby Church of St John the Baptist and both were under the control of Glastonbury Abbey until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. It is now part of a benefice with St Johns and St Mary&#39;s & All Saints Church in the village of Meare within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Lias stone church has a four-bay nave, north and south aisles, chancel and . The three-stage west tower is supported by set back buttresses. It has an embattled parapet. It contains six bells, five of which date from 1776.</p><br>
<p>The interior includes a 13th-century piscina.</p><br>
<p>Nebo Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 2 Reynolds Street, Nebo, Isaac Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1886. It is also known as Fort Cooper Hotel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 October 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Nebo Hotel, believed to be the second hotel on the site, was constructed in 1886 for Jack Davis who owned the hotel until 1906.</p><br>
<p>Ludwig Leichhardt first explored the area around Nebo in 1845. By the early 1860s pastoral expansion was pushing up the coast from Rockhampton towards land in the Mitchell and Kennedy districts and beyond. Land at a crossing on the Nebo Creek where good water and grass were available became a popular overnight camp for teamsters and other travellers. In 1862, Ben Reynolds, one of a party who crossed the Eton Range with a bullock dray, established a hotel on the banks of the creek. A licence for this hotel was granted in early 1863. Two years later the area around it was surveyed by TH Fitzgerald and gazetted as a township. It was called Fort Cooper after the hill that is a prominent landscape feature in the area and the hotel was named the Fort Cooper Hotel. The local people, however, had already begun to call the settlement Nebo, after the creek on which it was based.</p><br>
<p>Fort Cooper was intended as a service centre for the surrounding pastoral area. From the 1870s it also served a number of copper mines and the Mount Britton gold mine from the 1880s. Fort Cooper quickly prospered gaining a second hotel, a telegraph office and a Court of Petty Sessions. However, the population of the area dropped somewhat in the late 1860s as stations replaced sheep with cattle, which did not require as many hands to care for them. In 1886, Jack Davis, who also built a residence and store across from the hotel six years later, built the current hotel and retained the name.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, Davis sold the hotel to Jim Perry, who later sold it to Henry Richard Marshall. The place was again sold in 1918 when the German owner found that prejudice affected his trade.</p><br>
<p>In 1920 the license was acquired by Alexander William Maclean. A number of his 13 children were born at the hotel and it has been a long association with the Maclean family. Maclean had a great interest in horse racing and for most of the time that he owned the hotel he was President of the Nebo Jockey Club. The hotel catered for race meetings and there were once stables and a stockyard on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The adjoining two storey building that forms part of the hotel and linked by the hotel&#39;s eastern verandas, was built in two stages. The ground floor was constructed following the First World War as a billiard room. The upper storey was added in 1932 as private living quarters.</p><br>
<p>In 1939 Maclean sold the hotel owing to ill health. It was purchased by Tom Wright and Herb Davidson and was operated by various licensees. In 1948, local usage concerning the name of the town finally prevailed and both the township and hotel were renamed Nebo. In 1962 Jim Maclean leased the hotel and purchased it in 1964. His daughter took over the running of the hotel in 1991. The property has been sold twice since 1994.</p><br>
<p>Changes have been minor. The most noticeable exterior change has been the removal of the timber veranda deck to the Reynolds Street side and the installation of low steps to provide access to the bar and the side verandas. The timber rail balustrade was replaced on the ground floor by horizontal weatherboards. In appearance the hotel is both typical of its era and an increasing rarity.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Nebo Hotel is situated at the corner of two major streets in the town, Reynolds and Water Streets, overlooking Nebo Creek. The hotel consists of two adjacent buildings. The older, larger corner building with bar at ground floor and guest bedrooms on first floor. The adjoining building houses the dining room and kitchen on its lower level with management accommodation over.</p><br>
<p>The main building is two storey, timber framed with green painted corrugated iron to the hip roof with skillion veranda awnings on three sides. External walls are clad with painted vertical corrugated iron. The former front section of the timber deck veranda has been removed, the lower level open rail balustrade replaced with weatherboards and steps added to access the bar. At the upper level the cross braced open balustrade remains as does the decorative fascia boards. Timber posts support the timber deck veranda which provides access to the tongue and groove-lined guest bedrooms through individual French doors. Behind the public bar stands an old hardwood insulated coolroom which is claimed to produce excellent temperature beer.</p><br>
<p>The adjoining building, situated to the east of the main hotel, is two storeyed with a painted corrugated galvanised iron hip roof. Originally single storeyed it is externally clad with painted vertical corrugated iron on the lower storey and ripple iron to the upper. The dining room has timber double hung windows and is lined with an early fibro sheeting. A skillion roofed veranda to the first floor level on the street elevation has been enclosed with flat fibro cladding. The living quarters behind it have recently been lined internally.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Nebo Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 October 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Nebo Hotel, erected in 1886, is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history standing, as it does, close to a creek crossing on what was a track utilised by explorers, pastoralists and settlers seeking land in the Mitchell and Kennedy Regions of north Queensland. Further, the hotel remains as an extant reminder of the time when Nebo was a service centre for the pastoral and mining areas surrounding the town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Nebo Hotel is significant as a relatively intact example of a nineteenth century timber and iron vernacular hotel which is representative of its type and era of construction.</p><br>
<p>Al-Bad, Saudi Arabia is a town in Tabuk provence of Saudi Arabia. It is west of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, between Tabuk and the Red Sea Coast. Located at 28° 41 N and 35° 18&#39;E It lies on the border of the Hejaz, and was in antiquity in Southern Midian.</p><br>
<p>Al-Bad is located in the valley of the Wadi Aful in a highland area (218m ASL). It is near the town of Tajjib al-Ism and approx. 25 km east of the eastern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, part of the Red Sea where there are pristine coral reefs.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, 2 people at Al-Bad&#39; were killed during the 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake.</p><br>
<h2>Hijaz Mountains</h2><br>
<p>To the east of the town is the Sarwat ranges, the northern end of the Hijaz Mountains. This area is known for Neolithic petroglyphs carved into the arid volcanic rock. Northeast of the town is the peak Jabal al-Lawz, (جبل اللوز) which at 8400 feet is one of the highest peeks in Saudi Arabia. The mountain Jabal Maqla&#39; is to the south of Jabal al Lawz. This 7600 foot high volcanic peak is, like Jabal Lawz, crowned with black basalt. Much of this volcanic region, is granite and vegetation is sparse grassland with the occasional tree.</p><br>
<h2>Religious significance</h2><br>
<p>The town of Al-Bad&#39; is within the traditional Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, and the population are Muslim.</p><br>
<p>Some two kilometers south of the town of al-Bad are caves called by the local people "Maghair Shu&#39;ayb" (the Caves of Jethro). Modern archaeologists hold that the caves are 1st century AD Nabatean tombs.</p><br>
<p>Local tradition also holds that "Bir al Saidni" located in the nearby coastal town of Makna, is the very well from which Moses rolled away the stone to draw water for the flocks of Jethros daughters. The town of Makna (or Magna) is on the Red Sea coast to the southwest of al-Bad. A Jewish community at was known here from at least the 9th centuryAD.</p><br>
<p>The nearby town of Tajjib al-Ism is important to some Mormons as they believe it is referenced in the book of Mormon.</p><br>
<p>Evangelicals writers, Bob Cornuke, Ron Wyatt and Lennart Moller, hold that Jabal al-Lawz, is the real biblical Mount Sinai.</p><br>
<p>The William Colburn House is a historic house at 91 Bennoch Road in Orono, Maine. It was built about 1780 by William Colburn, one of the areas first white settlers, and is one of the few 18th-century houses surviving in Maines central interior. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The William Colburn House is located north of Orono&#39;s downtown, on the west side of Bennoch Road (Maine State Route 16), between Noyes and Winterhaven Drives. It is set on a terrace above the road, and would at one time have had views of the Stillwater River. The house is a 1-1/2 story Cape style wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, two interior brick chimneys, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The center bay contains an unusually wide doorway, that includes flanking sidelight windows and a fanlight. The interior of the house retains original woodwork and finishes, include wide pine floors, wainscoting, and a large kitchen fireplace with crane and builtin ovens.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1780 by William Colburn, who first arrived in the area in 1774 with his father Jeremiah. They fled the area at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, and returned in 1780, at which time they built two houses. One of them was destroyed by fire. This house is believed to be one of the oldest surviving 18th-century houses at such a great distance from the coast of Maine.</p><br>
<p>Fort Armistead was a United States Army coastal defense fort, active from 1901 to 1920, that defended Baltimore, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Armistead was built from 1897 to 1901 as part of the large-scale Endicott Program. Other forts of this era in the Coast Defenses of Baltimore include Fort Howard, Fort Carroll, and Fort Smallwood. Fort Armistead is in the Hawkins Point section of the city. The fort is named for George Armistead, commander of Fort McHenry during the British attack in the War of 1812 that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner".</p><br>
<p>Fort Armistead had four gun batteries: Battery Winchester with one 12-inch M1888 disappearing gun, Battery McFarland with three 8-inch M1888 disappearing guns, Battery Irons with two 4.72-inch 45 caliber Armstrong guns on pedestal mounts, and Battery Mudge with two 3-inch M1898 guns on masking parapet (retractable) mounts.</p><br>
<p>Battery Irons had been added to Fort Armistead as part of a series of measures to quickly deploy modern weapons to the East Coast after the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898. The Endicott Program was still years from completion, and it was feared the Spanish fleet would bombard the US. Battery Irons was disarmed in 1913 and the guns sent to Fort Ruger in Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>After the American entry into World War I in early 1917, many guns were removed from coast defenses for potential service on the Western Front. Most of these weapons were not sent overseas or did not see action; however, most of the heavy guns in the Baltimore area were dismounted in 1917–18 and not returned to the forts. Battery McFarlands three 8-inch guns were removed in 1917 for potential use as railway artillery, while Battery Winchesters 12-inch gun was sent to Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, New York to replace a gun sent to the railway artillery program. With the war over, in 1920 Fort Armisteads service came to a close; Battery Mudges 3-inch guns were scrapped as part of a general withdrawal from service of the 3-inch M1898 gun type.</p><br>
<p>In World War II the site was used by the Navy for ammunition storage. In 1952–54 a four-gun 90 mm anti-aircraft battery was stationed on site.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>The fort is now a Baltimore city park. The batteries are partly buried but still visible. The fort and surrounding tunnels are open to exploration, though largely abandoned by the city and covered with graffiti and garbage.</p><br>
<p>Wallabout Industrial Historic District is a national historic district located in the Wallabout neighborhood of Brooklyn, Kings County, New York. The district encompasses 43 contributing buildings and 3 contributing sites in an industrial section of Brooklyn. The district developed in the late-19th and early-20th century and features noteworthy examples of Romanesque Revival style architecture. The buildings are largely constructed of brick, bluestone, and brownstone with limestone, terra cotta, and cast iron elements. The district includes the previously listed Rockwood Chocolate Factory Historic District. A number of the buildings have been adapted for residential and commercial uses.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Irlam&#39;s Ant Bed Building is a heritage-listed former homestead and hotel at Clermont-Alpha Road, Clermont, Isaac Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1870s by George Irlam. It is also known as Oaky  Farm. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ant bed building at Oaky (Oakey) Creek was associated with a farmhouse-cum-wayside inn established by George Irlam on the Clermont- Alpha Road, along the route to Aramac. At the inn, travellers could break their journey and sample the farm&#39;s home-grown produce.</p><br>
<p>The Clermont district was opened to European settlement after Ludwig Leichhardt, who had explored the area in 1844, reported on its potential for pastoralists, agriculturists and miners. In the early 1850s the Archer brothers were the first pastoralists to take up land in the area and they were soon followed by other squatters and by fossickers in search of gold, coal and other minerals.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of gold near Hood&#39;s Lagoon (soon known as Diggings Lagoon) in the early 1860s paved the way for a rush to the district. A nearby settlement was surveyed in 1863 as the town of Clermont. Homesteads and townships west of Clermont were established rapidly and the bush tracks blazed by the carriers, teamsters, farmers, graziers and miners who needed a comprehensive network of roads for transporting wool, gold, copper and other produce to coastal ports, became well travelled routes. The Clermont to Aramac route via Oaky Creek was established in 1863 and following the 1866 opening of a post office at Clermont, weekly mail services to settlers in outlying areas commenced along this track.</p><br>
<p>The disruption to Aboriginal life was not welcomed by the traditional owners of the area - the Kairis (Khararyas), Wangans and Jagalingus (Jangga). Violent frontier conflict had commenced by 1861 and continued through the 1860s and into the early 1870s.</p><br>
<p>As the frontier conflict subsided, Cobb & Co Coaches established a network of coach routes from Rockhampton to the western districts in the early 1870s. From 1878 to 1884 the firm ran a regular weekly coach between Copperfield (Clermont) and Aramac.</p><br>
<p>George Irlam had acquired various interests in the district west of Clermont by the late 1860s. He held a license for the Lord Nelson Hotel at Oaky Creek from 1869 to 1876 and by January 1871 had purchased all the Red Rock Valley cattle.</p><br>
<p>In 1872 Irlam selected 160 acres (about 65ha - portion 44, now known as Oaky Farm) at Oaky Creek, about 20 km west of Clermont along the Alpha road. An 1873 survey plan of Irlams selection shows an established house, stockyard, garden and cultivation area on the flat of Oaky Creek. A later survey plan of the area, dated July 1879, identifies an inn in the approximate location of the farm house identified on the 1873 plan. In 1876-1877 there was no license issued for Irlams Lord Nelson Hotel at Oaky Creek, but he did take out a license for the Oaky Creek Hotel. Given that Oaky Creek is a small district, and that an inn in this area would need to be located on the main Clermont to Aramac route to be viable, it is highly likely that the Oakey Creek Hotel was the inn identified on the 1879 plan. Whether it was earlier known as the Lord Nelson Hotel, established in the late 1860s, has not been confirmed.</p><br>
<p>When Irlam made application in July 1877 for a deed of grant for his selection, he claimed to have been residing continuously on the property since 22 February 1872 (the time of official selection). The improvements comprised a dwelling house, stock yards, and 16 acres under cultivation. Irlam made no mention of conducting an inn or hotel on the property. However, it appears that the dwelling on Irlam&#39;s selection fulfilled the dual function of farmhouse and inn, serving as a refreshment stop for travellers along the Clermont to Aramac route. Being comparatively close to Clermont (20 km distant), the demand for overnight accommodation was limited and Cobb & Co coaches did not change horses at Oaky Creek.</p><br>
<p>As soon as Irlam&#39;s conditions of selection for portion 44 had been fulfilled in 1877, he transferred the license to the Oakey Creek Hotel to James Nicholls, who in turn transferred it to J Williams in 1879. There is no license recorded for the period 1881 to 1883, but Charles Cook held the license briefly in 1884.</p><br>
<p>According to local historian Dan ODonnell, by 1878 Irlams hotel was well-known to travellers along the Clermont to Aramac route, for the fresh fruit grown in the adjacent orchard, which contained both tropical and temperate fruit trees including lemons, apples, peaches and bananas. A dairy (likely the surviving ant bed building on Oaky Farm) was located near to the road and to the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Australian architectural historian Dr Miles Lewis has recorded the nineteenth century use of crushed anthill clay, (known locally as ant bed), for adobe, cob, pise de terre, earthen flooring and later the surfacing of tennis courts. Ant bed appears to have been used mainly in rural areas either due to an absence of other materials, or for its adhesive and/or insulating properties. Few ant bed structures are known to survive in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 a branch line was opened from the Central Western railway line to Clermont, but coaches, carriers and travellers continued to use the Clermont to Aramac route because the rail service beyond Clermont continued north to Blair Athol, leaving western districts dependent upon traditional coach services and independent carriers. Despite this sustained use, no license for a hotel at Oaky Creek was issued after 1884.</p><br>
<p>In 1891 title to portion 44 was transferred to John Gustav Finger, who worked the property as a grazing farm until his death in 1915. In 1918 his sons August Henry and Louis Rudolph gained title to the farm, which still comprised 160 acres. The brothers expanded the yards for working cattle, which included construction of a loading ramp and dip. Louis Finger bought his brother&#39;s share in the property.</p><br>
<p>Thomas and Albert James purchased the property in 1957 and continued to work it as a grazing farm. They moved another house to the site around this time, and the early dwelling house (a timber slab structure) was used by Tom James as a work shed for his saddle and leather making business. The ant bed building was used for storage. Tom resided at the property until his death in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Irlam&#39;s former farmhouse/inn is located at Oaky Creek along the Clermont-Alpha Road. The place contains an 1870s building constructed of rammed earth (pise de terre) mixed with ant bed. This building is located within a fenced house yard 48 metres long and approximately 24 metres wide, abutting the south-east side of the road.</p><br>
<h3>Ant Bed Building</h3><br>
<p>The ant bed building is situated in the north-east corner of the house yard, approximately 5.5 metres from the fence line, and has a northerly aspect. It is a single-storeyed, one-roomed structure, approximately 7 metres by 7.5 metres, with walls approximately 41 cm thick of rammed earth mixed with ant bed, resting on a base of brick coursing. The building has a shallow-pitched, hipped roof of corrugated iron, which extends beyond the exterior walls as a 2 metre wide overhang to verandahs on all sides. This is supported on timber posts.</p><br>
<p>Adjoining the southern verandah is a wire and timber-framed enclosure, with grape vines growing through it, measuring approximately 3 metres by 6.5 metres.</p><br>
<p>It appears that each of the rammed earth walls originally had a base of coursed bricks, laid brick-on-edge. Much of this brick work either has fallen out or has been removed. (Some loose bricks are scattered around the building, likely sourced from the missing wall coursing.) The rammed earth walls have been undermined by the actions of animals and insects, with some erosion possibly being advanced by ground moisture. The western wall has suffered the least degradation. Some cracking of the walls has occurred on all sides due to subsidence and expansion/contraction. All the external walls have been lime-washed at some period. Both the northern (front) and southern walls of the building have a centrally positioned timber doorframe and door of timber boards. There is a small, centrally positioned, timber-framed window opening (unglazed) in the eastern wall, but no opening in the western wall.</p><br>
<p>Internally, sawn timber boards line the upper walls. The timber roof structure probably dates to the 1930s, when the shingles were replaced by corrugated iron. The floor of the building is earth on shale. There is no indication of a below-ground cellar.</p><br>
<h3>The house yard</h3><br>
<p>Apart from the ant bed building, the attached timber and wire trellis, and the brick scatter surrounding the ant bed building, the remaining structures within the house yard do not form part of the heritage listing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Irlam&#39;s Ant Bed Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The ant bed building at George Irlam&#39;s former farmhouse/inn, established in the 1870s at Oaky Creek about 20 km west of Clermont, is important in demonstrating the pattern of early non-indigenous settlement in the central highlands of Queensland. During the 1870s the building was associated with the functioning of the place as both a wayside inn and a selection farmhouse. The combination of commercial, residential and agricultural functions was illustrative of the frontier nature of early non-indigenous settlement in rural Queensland. The ant bed building is significant for its contribution to our understanding of the role of wayside inns in supporting early transportation and communication networks in isolated and remote areas of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The ant bed building is important in demonstrating building techniques and materials no longer common or practiced in Queensland. Constructed of rammed earth (pise de terre) mixed with ant bed, the building is a rare surviving example of the use of ant bed as a building material and of this construction technique. If ant bed was chosen for its insulation value, then the place is even rarer.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>With further analysis of the fabric, the ant bed building has the potential to contribute further to our understanding of early construction techniques and materials in Queensland, especially in remote areas.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As the main surviving element of the former farmhouse/inn at Oaky Creek, the ant bed building is important in demonstrating some of the principal characteristics of a small, isolated, 1870s wayside inn-cum-farmhouse. These include the location of the structure close to the Alpha Road; its function as a large, separate store or dairy; and the use of locally available materials in its construction.</p><br>
